澳洲广播电台第九集：澳大利亚人(页 1) - 澳洲留学移民 - 澳大利亚广播电台 -
2006-8-7 03:16
城市童话
澳洲广播电台第九集：澳大利亚人
19世纪时，澳大利亚人意识到自己的国家人口稀少，势单力薄，发出了“不生育便灭亡！”的呼声。而今，当代澳大利亚正是依靠计划移民的政策来保持经济的增长和文化多样性。
[color=Red]详细内容请看二,三,四楼[/color]
19世纪时，澳大利亚人意识到自己的国家人口稀少，势单力薄，发出了“不生育便灭亡！”的呼声。而今，当代澳大利亚正是依靠计划移民的政策来保持经济的增长和文化多样性。
[color=Red]详细内容请看二,三,四楼[/color]
2006-8-7 03:17
城市童话
中文详细内容
[quote]
（插播音乐：《都市世界》，选自专辑《洛基的山脉》）
游行--孩子和街市喧闹声...... “我们从新西兰来，在这儿已经差不多一年了，我喜欢在澳大利亚定居的各个民族。他们在游行中的表演从某种程度上反映出他们对整个社会所作的贡献……我真的很欣赏这一点。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
嗨，大家好，我是澳洲广播电台的苏·斯拉梅。现在是 “今日澳洲”系列节目——“澳大利亚人”。
二零零一年澳大利亚庆祝联邦成立一百周年时，从参加街头游行的人群可以看出澳大利亚是当今世界上最具民族多样性的国家之一。
“澳大利亚最早的居民”是原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民，目前占澳大利亚总人口的百分之二，其余的澳大利亚人口则来自世界上二百五十个不同的国家。
澳大利亚目前百分之二十四的人口，或者说四个人中就有一个不是在澳大利亚出生，而其中的三分之一则出生在亚洲。
（插播街头采访录音）街道/游行……“太棒了，太棒了，作为澳大利亚人我十分自豪。今天是庆祝澳大利亚联邦成立一百周年的特殊日子，这么多人聚在一起欢庆这一天，我觉得今天真的不同寻常。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
二十一世纪初，澳大利亚人口中的民族多样性与一九○一年各殖民地组成联邦时的情况形成了鲜明的对比。那时移民中的百分之五十八来自英国，另外还有百分之二十一的爱尔兰移民。
在殖民地时期，除英国移民外的新西兰、加拿大和美国移民都不怎么受青睐。一九○一年出台的《限制移民法案》被打上了“白澳政策”的烙印。根据这项法律的规定，非英语国家的移民须通过一个语言听写测试，语种则由政府官员从欧洲语言中任选一个。
这一歧视性测试于一九五八年被废除，“白澳政策”的最后一丝残留也在一九七三年被高夫·惠特拉姆领导的联邦工党政府清除殆尽……
[b]新闻广播员：[/b]
惠特拉姆先生在菲律宾大学举行的授予他该校名誉法学博士学位仪式上发表了演讲，他说，“白澳政策”消亡了，澳大利亚对移民的态度也发生了翻天覆地的变化。
[b]博物馆：[/b]
（插入录音）嘟嘟……这里是墨尔本海关，请选择一个澳大利亚的历史时期并扮演当时的签证官。这是今天的签证面谈清单，请选择一个申请人……（插入录音）……嘟嘟
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
移民博物馆就在修缮一新的墨尔本海关大楼旧址里。
在这里，游客可以扮演负责移民事务的官员，根据当时的政策来决定谁可以进入澳大利亚，谁不可以。
莫亚·麦克法齐恩负责一个名为“参与其中”的展览活动， 她讲解了游客所能看到的……
[b]莫亚·麦克法齐恩：[/b]
基本情况是这样的，游客走进一个没有任何标志物的面谈房间，房间颜色是五十年代公共服务部门常用的那种绿色。房间内没有任何标志物是因为，事实上那些可供你挑选的面谈发生在不同年代，可能是二十世纪二十年代、五十年代或是现在。而且，人们进行面谈的地点也不同。我们可能让一位上个世纪二十年代的中国妇女在墨尔本海关大楼也就是现在的移民博物馆接受面谈。另一位申请者则在一个沙特阿拉伯难民营的联合国大蓬车里面谈。还有一对五十年代的英国夫妇在伦敦的澳大利亚办事处里接受面谈。所以，我们还试图让人们想象身处不同的面谈地点和时期，我想这样就有了不同的时空定位。然后人们就在一个旧木桌旁坐下来，屏幕上会出现一个主签证官，他会告诉你要做什么和怎样做。实际上你就是签证官之一，你可以选择你所感兴趣的一个历史时期。之后，主签证官会请你从三个人或三组人中选出一个进行面谈。所以选中的人可能会是一个希腊籍家庭、一对英国夫妇或一个年轻的中国学生， 这完全取决于所选面谈发生的年代。你选好后，他们就出现在了屏幕上，你就像在和真人打交道一样。一位签证官开始发问，声音从你身后传出来，使你觉得自己是他们中的一员。因此，这样做确实有助于人们了解有关的政策和面谈过程，以及这些政策和过程怎样随着时间的变化而发生演变，而且也能使人们真正洞悉人类情感和人性方面的因素。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
虽然“白澳政策”现在已成为历史，但参观移民博物馆的游客和学生们可以通过选择二十世纪二十年代以来的实例，亲身体验限制性移民政策所产生的影响。
[b]博物馆：[/b]
嘟嘟……您将要面谈的是来自中国的邓雯（音）太太。中国传统的包办婚姻使她六年前跟随丈夫来到澳大利亚。为了在澳居留，邓太太每年都要申请延长有效期为十二个月的豁免签证。
二十世纪二十年代面谈的实景模拟：
“您的姓名？”
“邓雯。”
“英语说得好吗？”
“会一点儿。”
“您是哪里人？”
“中国。”
“什么时候来到澳大利亚的？”
“一九二零年。”
“您的职业是什么？”
“她没有工作，只是为丈夫做家务和照顾孩子。”
“她丈夫是做什么的？”
“她说她丈夫是一个非常成功的生意人。”
“她的签证已经获准过五次延期，为什么还要重新审核呢？”
“她说因为她丈夫和孩子都在这里，孩子们出生在这里，她说现在这里有她的生活。她想要和他们待在一起。”
[b]博物馆：[/b]
现在得就邓雯太太的情况作出最终决定，你会准许她留在澳大利亚吗？即使“白澳政策”盛行，你也愿意再次延长邓雯夫人的豁免签证期限吗？让我们听听面谈的情况。
“邓雯太太，您已经在澳大利亚逗留了六年。上一次是因为你明确表示会回中国，我们才延长了您在澳的期限。很抱歉，这次我们无法继续延长这个期限。您不能留在澳大利亚了，必须回中国。您的先生必须及早为您做好离开澳大利亚的准备。”
她问，如果她回中国，什么时候才能再见到她的丈夫和孩子？
“这就要看澳大利亚的移民政策是怎么规定的了。”
“我的孩子！你们让我回中国去，我的孩子，我的孩子怎么办，我的丈夫怎么办！”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
欢迎光临移民博物馆。刚才您听到的是该博物馆新开设的一个展览活动的内容。您对刚才听到的面谈有何感想？
[b]外国游客：[/b]
我参加了那个中国女子的面谈。她已经在这里待了六年。在这期间，澳大利亚政府出台的政策致使她不能留下跟孩子们在一起。这真让人难受。她在澳大利亚有孩子，丈夫又是澳大利亚人，为什么不能让她留下来呢？这事我一直搞不明白。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
先生，您怎么看？
[b]另一位外国游客：[/b]
我觉得这种模拟面谈真不错，让我们知道了在面谈中可能发生的各种情况，同样我们也了解了澳大利亚如何决定移民的去留。是的，我们从中了解到很多这方面的情况。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那么您是澳大利亚公民还是游客呢？
[b]游客：[/b]
至于我那里的朋友……
[b]游客：[/b]
我是学生，外国留学生。我刚来这里两个月，从柬埔寨来这儿刚两个月。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
我想问一下你有没有听说过“白澳政策”？这一政策曾在澳大利亚实行了相当长一段时间，但谢天谢地，现在这项政策已经取消了。你以前听说过这个政策吗？
[b]游客：[/b]
我从没听说过。我是在面谈室里才知道这个词的。现在，我也还是不太清楚这到底是怎么回事……真是不好意思……（笑声）
[b]莫亚·麦克法齐恩馆长：[/b]
在整个十九世纪，殖民地时期，特别是一九零一年颁布的《限制移民法案》，都表明限制性的移民政策在大行其道。但我们应该注意到非常有趣的一点是，虽然整个澳大利亚历史都贯穿着各种各样限制移民的法律规定，这些律法的确规定了谁可以留下来谁会被拒绝入境，决定着澳大利亚人口构成的特点，但是在同一个时期，针对这些限制性政策的讨论和争论也一直没有停止过。所以，移民问题一直是澳大利亚政界人士、社团领导人和社团组织关注的话题。在展览的其它部分中还有不少例子，展现的就是在澳大利亚各个历史时期中人们对移民问题进行的各种各样的争论。十九世纪，应该是十九世纪末，一些中国社团的领袖人物写了一本小册子，名叫《中国人的问题》。这本小册子向限制中国人移民到澳大利亚的政策提出了挑战。你知道，这件事情发生在一百多年前。这样的争论一直持续至今，对限制性的移民政策进行抨击。从这儿我们可以看出社团组织是如何影响了移民政策的演变。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
在华裔澳大利亚人任市长的城市里讨论华人社区真是再合适不过了。
[b]莫亚·麦克法齐恩：[/b]
确实是这样。中国人在维多利亚州和澳大利亚不仅生存下来而且取得了成功。他们在淘金热时大批涌入澳大利亚，而当时，毋庸置疑，澳大利亚出台了各种特别针对中国人的限制性政策。而这些政策的确影响了十九世纪末、二十世纪初至二战期间进入澳大利亚的中国移民人数，但是，来到澳大利亚的移民家庭还是得以生存和壮大。一代一代繁衍生息。随着二战后澳大利亚政府对移民限制的放松，越来越多的来自亚太地区的人也能够进入澳大利亚。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
您现在收听的是澳洲广播电台的系列节目“今日澳洲”。今天是第九期节目“澳大利亚人”。
一九四七年至一九六九年间，约有二百万移民来到澳大利亚，大多数人来自英国和饱受战争蹂躏的欧洲。
由于劳动力短缺，新移民可以很容易地在制造业找到工作。实际上，二十世纪五十年代和六十年代移民计划的主要目标就是为澳大利亚工业的发展提供大量劳动力。
与许多欧洲国家针对外来工人的政策不同，澳大利亚政府鼓励到澳大利亚的移民取得澳大利亚国籍。
战后，意大利人、希腊人、马耳他人、克罗地亚人、马其顿人和土耳其人在澳大利亚的几个大城市安顿下来。
阿黛尔·莫多洛一家是意大利移民，在实施大规模移民计划时来到澳大利亚。
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
我来自移民家庭。我的父母那一代人总是说，“我们是为了工作才来这儿的”。的确，他们那代人虽然都在工厂里做工，但是医疗保健、假期以及工作稳定性方面，他们却享受了很好的待遇。他们还总说我们干的都是澳大利亚人不愿意干的活儿。所以在劳动力总数中，移民占有很高的比例，这就是为什么澳大利亚对有些国家的移民总是敞开大门。长期以来，移民的到来让澳大利亚在许多、许多方面受益菲浅，也使澳大利亚文化发生了不少变化，这些都的确证明了移民是这个国家的一大笔财富。但是澳大利亚对移民敞开大门的主要原因并不在此，真正的原因在于移民提供了劳动力，是产品的生产者、服务的提供者，同时还是消费者。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
同阿黛尔·莫多洛一样出生在澳大利亚的移民后代，是移民下一代中成功的典型。无论在所受教育程度还是收入水平方面，他们都超过了自己的父辈。
维多利亚州拥有澳大利亚最大的制造业基地，阿黛尔是该州移民职业妇女保健中心的负责人。加入该中心的移民妇女均来自非英语国家，情况各不相同……
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
和我们一起工作的妇女背景各异，她们来自不同的民族，使用不同的语言，来澳大利亚的时间也长短不一。我们去参观一个工厂的话，会遇到来自比方说前南斯拉夫的妇女，她们已经在这里待了三十年，或者更长的时间。我们还会遇到从中国来的妇女，她们来这儿才不过几年，来澳之前就获得了行医资格，在本国可能是受过正规培训的医生，但目前她们的证书还正在认证过程中。这个过程耗时很长，有时甚至没有结果，她们也就不得不另做打算。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
阿黛尔，也许你能给大家讲讲，对于那些来澳之前就已经获得专业执业资格的移民，一边要参加再培训以取得本地认证，一边还得维持生计、养家糊口是有多么不容易。
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
绝对是这样，说到养家，对于女性来说就更难了。她们可能打算回到学校继续学习，可同时她们还得养家糊口，她们大多是家里的经济支柱。特别是如果夫妻俩人都在工厂上班的话，就只有把两份工资凑起来才能维持全家的生计。她们又大多到了生育年龄，来澳大利亚的女性一般年龄在二十到三十五岁之间，她们大多属于这个年龄段，这个年纪正是想要有孩子的时候。所以对于女性来说，她们的就业和求学因此而中断，有人咬牙坚持下来，最终成功了，也有人不得不另想办法。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
二十世纪八十年代，经济增长速度减慢，制造业也开始裁员。这种情况下出现了各种各样的说法，比如从非英语国家来的移民成本太高，大多来澳移民不太会甚至根本不会说英语，又没什么专业技术，很难找到工作……
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
二十世纪八十年代末，我们实行了较为宽松的家庭团聚计划和技能要求针对性相对较小的移民计划，这个时期的移民，特别是来自非英语国家的移民，他们的英语不好，又没有澳大利亚专业协会及雇主所认可的专业技能，尤其在九十年代初经济严重衰退时，他们不得不为生计而苦苦挣扎。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
鲍勃·比勒尔博士是墨尔本莫纳什大学人口和城市研究中心的主任。
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
后来的历届政府，无论是工党还是联合政府无不努力地调整了原有的家庭团聚移民计划和技术移民计划，以最大限度地减少低技能移民入境。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那么能不能请您谈一下目前澳大利亚希望吸引什么样的移民呢？
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
现在技术移民类别的重点主要是吸引那些会英语、有澳大利亚专业协会所认证的资质的年轻移民。如果不符合这些基本条件，申请者连一点机会也没有，他们的申请根本不会被考虑。在以上要求与限制中，目前尤其优先考虑的是需求量相对较大的专业领域，如护理、计算机、工程、会计等，这些是我们目前接收移民的主要领域。在过去两、三年里，重心又进一步转向了在澳大利亚受过教育的移民。目前一半以上的技术移民实际上是曾在澳大利亚获得学位的自费留学生，他们大多来自较发达的东南亚国家，如新加坡、马来西亚、香港，以及留学人数日益增多的印度。中国大陆也许是一个例外。我们的遴选制度给予这些留学生加分优惠，这样确保他们一般在完成学业之后获得永久居民的地位。
[b]技术移民计划个案分析：[/b]
（音效）嘟嘟……这里是澳大利亚驻香港总领事馆。今年是一九九六年，距香港回归中国只剩下一年了。你即将面谈的是邓舍玲（音），她申请技术移民到澳大利亚。她的档案就在你桌上。（音效）嘟嘟……
“邓舍玲小姐……”
“您好。”
“您带身份证明了吗？”
“是的，我按要求带来了原件。”
“您一九六八年在中国出生？”
“是的，我出生在上海，后来由于父亲工作调动搬到了北京，现在住在香港。”
“您在这里住了多久？”
“一九八七年我从北京大学转到香港大学，此后一直住在这里。”
“您都学过什么课程？”
“我读的是理科学士学位，一九八九年底计算机学专业毕业。“六·四”学生运动期间我的两个兄弟正在墨尔本一所大学读书。他们已经获准在澳大利亚定居，成为永久居民了。我最大的愿望就是能和他们团聚。”
“您有足够的资金来支付在澳大利亚建立新生活期间的各种费用吗？”
“我会带两万澳元现金和价值一万两千澳元的股票，在找到住处前我会住在墨尔本的兄弟们那里。”
“您的兄弟是做什么工作的？”
“晨（音）在墨尔本，是会计师。明（音）在巴腊特，开了家小型网页设计公司。”
[b]（音效）：[/b]
嘟嘟：请您对邓的情况进行一下评估。（音效）嘟嘟
您决定允许邓前往澳大利亚，因为她是符合技术移民条件的理想人选。（音效）嘟嘟
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
通过吸引大量移民来促进经济的增长，是当代澳大利亚所实施的一项长期政策。
尽管波琳·汉森反移民的单一民族党在一九九六、九七年间曾一度很受欢迎，但现在人们还是普遍认为澳大利亚是个依靠移民建立起来的国家，而且现已发展成了一个多元文化的社会。
“多元文化主义”是澳大利亚政府为了更好地针对新移民的需要、权利和义务而制定并实施的政策。
但根据巴里·约克的回忆，在第二次世界大战后，澳大利亚经历了有史以来最大移民潮。但在这个期间，人们根本没有听说过多元文化主义这个概念。巴里他们一家也就是随着这次移民潮来到了澳大利亚。
[b]巴里·约克：[/b]
作为一个多元文化主义的拥护者，有一点我感到很奇怪，从我的个人经历来看，在澳大利亚政府正式提倡多元文化主义之前多元文化主义已经在澳大利亚发挥着很大的作用，这一点我必须承认。另一方面，也可能由于当时我还小，受到了大人的庇护，但我父亲回忆起他早年的经历，他就会有不同的感触。他觉得澳大利亚的种族歧视还是很严重的，即使对于像他这样的马耳他人。你必须记住，狭隘的看法和偏见绝不仅仅存在于坏心眼儿的英国后裔中，也并非其他国家不同文化背景的人就能做到开明而宽容。我记得曾有一个荷兰老头儿，他是一个码头工人，每天都从布伦瑞克骑自行车去上班。当黎巴嫩移民来到沙姆洛克街的时候，他就开始焦虑。有一天，他走到我跟前对我说，你知道吗，如果我们不提高警惕的话，黎巴嫩人就要把沙姆洛克街全部占为己有了。我想跟他说，难道你没有意识到，我们在十五、二十年前来到这里的时候，当地居民也是这样说我们的吗？由于不同文化背景的人在一起生活，相互通婚，使得我们已经有了很大的进步。不同的文化为澳大利亚社会带来了不同的价值观，有些与澳大利亚的主流价值观或者核心价值观相抵触。但即使他们自己不改变，他们的孩子也肯定会改变的。因为通常人人都喜欢有更多的自由，而不是桎梏。当然，在我看来，这个过程也不是一帆风顺的，我们一路磕磕绊绊地走过来了，虽然经历这些改变时偶尔会发生些小摩擦或偶有过激反应，但从长远来看，当所有的承诺都兑现了的时候，还是会有所成就的。我们从未因为民族问题而出现大规模的暴乱或国家动荡。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
二十世纪九十年代末，一些澳大利亚民众反对政府继续采取大规模移民政策，他们担心澳大利亚城市是否有能力接纳更多的移民。
鲍伯·比勒尔博士以及其他一些研究人员指出，现在从亚太地区过来的移民大都集中居住在澳大利亚的大城市里，特别是悉尼。
每年澳大利亚新移民中的百分之四十，也就是六、七万新移民都选择在悉尼定居。
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
悉尼尤其受到地理环境的限制，生活在这里的人们已经感受到了诸多不良后果，比如人口密集，基础设施建设上的巨资耗费，供水困难，城市空气进一步污染等一系列问题。新移民都倾向于到悉尼去，因此，在反对扩大移民规模的呼声中，来自新南威尔士政府的声势最强也就不足为怪了。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
为了满足新移民社区的需要，澳大利亚道路、桥梁所要承受的额外交通压力，以及澳大利亚政府在医疗和教育方面的额外投入，就可想而知了。
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
情况的确如此，并且更重要的是悉尼还是不同文化冲突最激烈的地方。在悉尼，来自亚洲国家和中东地区的移民占据了很高的比例。特别是穆斯林人口，大约三分之二的澳大利亚穆斯林都生活在悉尼。他们基本上是一些非技术工人，也不会说英语。在像悉尼这样的高消费城市，他们便都集中居住在西南部郊区。事实证明，这种集中会产生一系列的问题，因为这些人本来就对适应新环境感到困难重重，他们集中在一起就会使人口密集造成的紧张关系进一步激化。像这样的例子，我们见得多了，就像在印度支那人的聚集区卡伯马塔，毒品泛滥，犯罪猖獗。悉尼穆斯林聚集区也有类似的问题，特别是在如坎特伯雷之类的西郊地区。所以悉尼正是这场移民争论中的一个焦点。
（插播音乐：安布伦特的《希望》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
鲍伯·比勒尔博士是墨尔本莫纳什大学人口和城市研究中心的主任。
只要婴儿出生率持续下降，同时年龄在六十五岁和六十五岁以上的老年人人口不断上升，关于什么是澳大利亚最理想的人口规模以及移民能作什么贡献的争论就将是澳大利亚政治中的一个永恒的问题。
在我们的下一个节目中，我们将播出“澳大利亚文化——地域性和全球性”
我们下次节目再见。这里是澳洲广播电台，我是主持人苏·斯拉梅。感谢我们的技术总监——赖安·厄甘和我们的学术指导——莫纳什大学全国澳大利亚研究中心。
[/quote]
[quote]
（插播音乐：《都市世界》，选自专辑《洛基的山脉》）
游行--孩子和街市喧闹声...... “我们从新西兰来，在这儿已经差不多一年了，我喜欢在澳大利亚定居的各个民族。他们在游行中的表演从某种程度上反映出他们对整个社会所作的贡献……我真的很欣赏这一点。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
嗨，大家好，我是澳洲广播电台的苏·斯拉梅。现在是 “今日澳洲”系列节目——“澳大利亚人”。
二零零一年澳大利亚庆祝联邦成立一百周年时，从参加街头游行的人群可以看出澳大利亚是当今世界上最具民族多样性的国家之一。
“澳大利亚最早的居民”是原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民，目前占澳大利亚总人口的百分之二，其余的澳大利亚人口则来自世界上二百五十个不同的国家。
澳大利亚目前百分之二十四的人口，或者说四个人中就有一个不是在澳大利亚出生，而其中的三分之一则出生在亚洲。
（插播街头采访录音）街道/游行……“太棒了，太棒了，作为澳大利亚人我十分自豪。今天是庆祝澳大利亚联邦成立一百周年的特殊日子，这么多人聚在一起欢庆这一天，我觉得今天真的不同寻常。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
二十一世纪初，澳大利亚人口中的民族多样性与一九○一年各殖民地组成联邦时的情况形成了鲜明的对比。那时移民中的百分之五十八来自英国，另外还有百分之二十一的爱尔兰移民。
在殖民地时期，除英国移民外的新西兰、加拿大和美国移民都不怎么受青睐。一九○一年出台的《限制移民法案》被打上了“白澳政策”的烙印。根据这项法律的规定，非英语国家的移民须通过一个语言听写测试，语种则由政府官员从欧洲语言中任选一个。
这一歧视性测试于一九五八年被废除，“白澳政策”的最后一丝残留也在一九七三年被高夫·惠特拉姆领导的联邦工党政府清除殆尽……
[b]新闻广播员：[/b]
惠特拉姆先生在菲律宾大学举行的授予他该校名誉法学博士学位仪式上发表了演讲，他说，“白澳政策”消亡了，澳大利亚对移民的态度也发生了翻天覆地的变化。
[b]博物馆：[/b]
（插入录音）嘟嘟……这里是墨尔本海关，请选择一个澳大利亚的历史时期并扮演当时的签证官。这是今天的签证面谈清单，请选择一个申请人……（插入录音）……嘟嘟
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
移民博物馆就在修缮一新的墨尔本海关大楼旧址里。
在这里，游客可以扮演负责移民事务的官员，根据当时的政策来决定谁可以进入澳大利亚，谁不可以。
莫亚·麦克法齐恩负责一个名为“参与其中”的展览活动， 她讲解了游客所能看到的……
[b]莫亚·麦克法齐恩：[/b]
基本情况是这样的，游客走进一个没有任何标志物的面谈房间，房间颜色是五十年代公共服务部门常用的那种绿色。房间内没有任何标志物是因为，事实上那些可供你挑选的面谈发生在不同年代，可能是二十世纪二十年代、五十年代或是现在。而且，人们进行面谈的地点也不同。我们可能让一位上个世纪二十年代的中国妇女在墨尔本海关大楼也就是现在的移民博物馆接受面谈。另一位申请者则在一个沙特阿拉伯难民营的联合国大蓬车里面谈。还有一对五十年代的英国夫妇在伦敦的澳大利亚办事处里接受面谈。所以，我们还试图让人们想象身处不同的面谈地点和时期，我想这样就有了不同的时空定位。然后人们就在一个旧木桌旁坐下来，屏幕上会出现一个主签证官，他会告诉你要做什么和怎样做。实际上你就是签证官之一，你可以选择你所感兴趣的一个历史时期。之后，主签证官会请你从三个人或三组人中选出一个进行面谈。所以选中的人可能会是一个希腊籍家庭、一对英国夫妇或一个年轻的中国学生， 这完全取决于所选面谈发生的年代。你选好后，他们就出现在了屏幕上，你就像在和真人打交道一样。一位签证官开始发问，声音从你身后传出来，使你觉得自己是他们中的一员。因此，这样做确实有助于人们了解有关的政策和面谈过程，以及这些政策和过程怎样随着时间的变化而发生演变，而且也能使人们真正洞悉人类情感和人性方面的因素。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
虽然“白澳政策”现在已成为历史，但参观移民博物馆的游客和学生们可以通过选择二十世纪二十年代以来的实例，亲身体验限制性移民政策所产生的影响。
[b]博物馆：[/b]
嘟嘟……您将要面谈的是来自中国的邓雯（音）太太。中国传统的包办婚姻使她六年前跟随丈夫来到澳大利亚。为了在澳居留，邓太太每年都要申请延长有效期为十二个月的豁免签证。
二十世纪二十年代面谈的实景模拟：
“您的姓名？”
“邓雯。”
“英语说得好吗？”
“会一点儿。”
“您是哪里人？”
“中国。”
“什么时候来到澳大利亚的？”
“一九二零年。”
“您的职业是什么？”
“她没有工作，只是为丈夫做家务和照顾孩子。”
“她丈夫是做什么的？”
“她说她丈夫是一个非常成功的生意人。”
“她的签证已经获准过五次延期，为什么还要重新审核呢？”
“她说因为她丈夫和孩子都在这里，孩子们出生在这里，她说现在这里有她的生活。她想要和他们待在一起。”
[b]博物馆：[/b]
现在得就邓雯太太的情况作出最终决定，你会准许她留在澳大利亚吗？即使“白澳政策”盛行，你也愿意再次延长邓雯夫人的豁免签证期限吗？让我们听听面谈的情况。
“邓雯太太，您已经在澳大利亚逗留了六年。上一次是因为你明确表示会回中国，我们才延长了您在澳的期限。很抱歉，这次我们无法继续延长这个期限。您不能留在澳大利亚了，必须回中国。您的先生必须及早为您做好离开澳大利亚的准备。”
她问，如果她回中国，什么时候才能再见到她的丈夫和孩子？
“这就要看澳大利亚的移民政策是怎么规定的了。”
“我的孩子！你们让我回中国去，我的孩子，我的孩子怎么办，我的丈夫怎么办！”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
欢迎光临移民博物馆。刚才您听到的是该博物馆新开设的一个展览活动的内容。您对刚才听到的面谈有何感想？
[b]外国游客：[/b]
我参加了那个中国女子的面谈。她已经在这里待了六年。在这期间，澳大利亚政府出台的政策致使她不能留下跟孩子们在一起。这真让人难受。她在澳大利亚有孩子，丈夫又是澳大利亚人，为什么不能让她留下来呢？这事我一直搞不明白。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
先生，您怎么看？
[b]另一位外国游客：[/b]
我觉得这种模拟面谈真不错，让我们知道了在面谈中可能发生的各种情况，同样我们也了解了澳大利亚如何决定移民的去留。是的，我们从中了解到很多这方面的情况。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那么您是澳大利亚公民还是游客呢？
[b]游客：[/b]
至于我那里的朋友……
[b]游客：[/b]
我是学生，外国留学生。我刚来这里两个月，从柬埔寨来这儿刚两个月。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
我想问一下你有没有听说过“白澳政策”？这一政策曾在澳大利亚实行了相当长一段时间，但谢天谢地，现在这项政策已经取消了。你以前听说过这个政策吗？
[b]游客：[/b]
我从没听说过。我是在面谈室里才知道这个词的。现在，我也还是不太清楚这到底是怎么回事……真是不好意思……（笑声）
[b]莫亚·麦克法齐恩馆长：[/b]
在整个十九世纪，殖民地时期，特别是一九零一年颁布的《限制移民法案》，都表明限制性的移民政策在大行其道。但我们应该注意到非常有趣的一点是，虽然整个澳大利亚历史都贯穿着各种各样限制移民的法律规定，这些律法的确规定了谁可以留下来谁会被拒绝入境，决定着澳大利亚人口构成的特点，但是在同一个时期，针对这些限制性政策的讨论和争论也一直没有停止过。所以，移民问题一直是澳大利亚政界人士、社团领导人和社团组织关注的话题。在展览的其它部分中还有不少例子，展现的就是在澳大利亚各个历史时期中人们对移民问题进行的各种各样的争论。十九世纪，应该是十九世纪末，一些中国社团的领袖人物写了一本小册子，名叫《中国人的问题》。这本小册子向限制中国人移民到澳大利亚的政策提出了挑战。你知道，这件事情发生在一百多年前。这样的争论一直持续至今，对限制性的移民政策进行抨击。从这儿我们可以看出社团组织是如何影响了移民政策的演变。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
在华裔澳大利亚人任市长的城市里讨论华人社区真是再合适不过了。
[b]莫亚·麦克法齐恩：[/b]
确实是这样。中国人在维多利亚州和澳大利亚不仅生存下来而且取得了成功。他们在淘金热时大批涌入澳大利亚，而当时，毋庸置疑，澳大利亚出台了各种特别针对中国人的限制性政策。而这些政策的确影响了十九世纪末、二十世纪初至二战期间进入澳大利亚的中国移民人数，但是，来到澳大利亚的移民家庭还是得以生存和壮大。一代一代繁衍生息。随着二战后澳大利亚政府对移民限制的放松，越来越多的来自亚太地区的人也能够进入澳大利亚。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
您现在收听的是澳洲广播电台的系列节目“今日澳洲”。今天是第九期节目“澳大利亚人”。
一九四七年至一九六九年间，约有二百万移民来到澳大利亚，大多数人来自英国和饱受战争蹂躏的欧洲。
由于劳动力短缺，新移民可以很容易地在制造业找到工作。实际上，二十世纪五十年代和六十年代移民计划的主要目标就是为澳大利亚工业的发展提供大量劳动力。
与许多欧洲国家针对外来工人的政策不同，澳大利亚政府鼓励到澳大利亚的移民取得澳大利亚国籍。
战后，意大利人、希腊人、马耳他人、克罗地亚人、马其顿人和土耳其人在澳大利亚的几个大城市安顿下来。
阿黛尔·莫多洛一家是意大利移民，在实施大规模移民计划时来到澳大利亚。
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
我来自移民家庭。我的父母那一代人总是说，“我们是为了工作才来这儿的”。的确，他们那代人虽然都在工厂里做工，但是医疗保健、假期以及工作稳定性方面，他们却享受了很好的待遇。他们还总说我们干的都是澳大利亚人不愿意干的活儿。所以在劳动力总数中，移民占有很高的比例，这就是为什么澳大利亚对有些国家的移民总是敞开大门。长期以来，移民的到来让澳大利亚在许多、许多方面受益菲浅，也使澳大利亚文化发生了不少变化，这些都的确证明了移民是这个国家的一大笔财富。但是澳大利亚对移民敞开大门的主要原因并不在此，真正的原因在于移民提供了劳动力，是产品的生产者、服务的提供者，同时还是消费者。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
同阿黛尔·莫多洛一样出生在澳大利亚的移民后代，是移民下一代中成功的典型。无论在所受教育程度还是收入水平方面，他们都超过了自己的父辈。
维多利亚州拥有澳大利亚最大的制造业基地，阿黛尔是该州移民职业妇女保健中心的负责人。加入该中心的移民妇女均来自非英语国家，情况各不相同……
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
和我们一起工作的妇女背景各异，她们来自不同的民族，使用不同的语言，来澳大利亚的时间也长短不一。我们去参观一个工厂的话，会遇到来自比方说前南斯拉夫的妇女，她们已经在这里待了三十年，或者更长的时间。我们还会遇到从中国来的妇女，她们来这儿才不过几年，来澳之前就获得了行医资格，在本国可能是受过正规培训的医生，但目前她们的证书还正在认证过程中。这个过程耗时很长，有时甚至没有结果，她们也就不得不另做打算。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
阿黛尔，也许你能给大家讲讲，对于那些来澳之前就已经获得专业执业资格的移民，一边要参加再培训以取得本地认证，一边还得维持生计、养家糊口是有多么不容易。
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
绝对是这样，说到养家，对于女性来说就更难了。她们可能打算回到学校继续学习，可同时她们还得养家糊口，她们大多是家里的经济支柱。特别是如果夫妻俩人都在工厂上班的话，就只有把两份工资凑起来才能维持全家的生计。她们又大多到了生育年龄，来澳大利亚的女性一般年龄在二十到三十五岁之间，她们大多属于这个年龄段，这个年纪正是想要有孩子的时候。所以对于女性来说，她们的就业和求学因此而中断，有人咬牙坚持下来，最终成功了，也有人不得不另想办法。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
二十世纪八十年代，经济增长速度减慢，制造业也开始裁员。这种情况下出现了各种各样的说法，比如从非英语国家来的移民成本太高，大多来澳移民不太会甚至根本不会说英语，又没什么专业技术，很难找到工作……
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
二十世纪八十年代末，我们实行了较为宽松的家庭团聚计划和技能要求针对性相对较小的移民计划，这个时期的移民，特别是来自非英语国家的移民，他们的英语不好，又没有澳大利亚专业协会及雇主所认可的专业技能，尤其在九十年代初经济严重衰退时，他们不得不为生计而苦苦挣扎。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
鲍勃·比勒尔博士是墨尔本莫纳什大学人口和城市研究中心的主任。
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
后来的历届政府，无论是工党还是联合政府无不努力地调整了原有的家庭团聚移民计划和技术移民计划，以最大限度地减少低技能移民入境。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那么能不能请您谈一下目前澳大利亚希望吸引什么样的移民呢？
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
现在技术移民类别的重点主要是吸引那些会英语、有澳大利亚专业协会所认证的资质的年轻移民。如果不符合这些基本条件，申请者连一点机会也没有，他们的申请根本不会被考虑。在以上要求与限制中，目前尤其优先考虑的是需求量相对较大的专业领域，如护理、计算机、工程、会计等，这些是我们目前接收移民的主要领域。在过去两、三年里，重心又进一步转向了在澳大利亚受过教育的移民。目前一半以上的技术移民实际上是曾在澳大利亚获得学位的自费留学生，他们大多来自较发达的东南亚国家，如新加坡、马来西亚、香港，以及留学人数日益增多的印度。中国大陆也许是一个例外。我们的遴选制度给予这些留学生加分优惠，这样确保他们一般在完成学业之后获得永久居民的地位。
[b]技术移民计划个案分析：[/b]
（音效）嘟嘟……这里是澳大利亚驻香港总领事馆。今年是一九九六年，距香港回归中国只剩下一年了。你即将面谈的是邓舍玲（音），她申请技术移民到澳大利亚。她的档案就在你桌上。（音效）嘟嘟……
“邓舍玲小姐……”
“您好。”
“您带身份证明了吗？”
“是的，我按要求带来了原件。”
“您一九六八年在中国出生？”
“是的，我出生在上海，后来由于父亲工作调动搬到了北京，现在住在香港。”
“您在这里住了多久？”
“一九八七年我从北京大学转到香港大学，此后一直住在这里。”
“您都学过什么课程？”
“我读的是理科学士学位，一九八九年底计算机学专业毕业。“六·四”学生运动期间我的两个兄弟正在墨尔本一所大学读书。他们已经获准在澳大利亚定居，成为永久居民了。我最大的愿望就是能和他们团聚。”
“您有足够的资金来支付在澳大利亚建立新生活期间的各种费用吗？”
“我会带两万澳元现金和价值一万两千澳元的股票，在找到住处前我会住在墨尔本的兄弟们那里。”
“您的兄弟是做什么工作的？”
“晨（音）在墨尔本，是会计师。明（音）在巴腊特，开了家小型网页设计公司。”
[b]（音效）：[/b]
嘟嘟：请您对邓的情况进行一下评估。（音效）嘟嘟
您决定允许邓前往澳大利亚，因为她是符合技术移民条件的理想人选。（音效）嘟嘟
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
通过吸引大量移民来促进经济的增长，是当代澳大利亚所实施的一项长期政策。
尽管波琳·汉森反移民的单一民族党在一九九六、九七年间曾一度很受欢迎，但现在人们还是普遍认为澳大利亚是个依靠移民建立起来的国家，而且现已发展成了一个多元文化的社会。
“多元文化主义”是澳大利亚政府为了更好地针对新移民的需要、权利和义务而制定并实施的政策。
但根据巴里·约克的回忆，在第二次世界大战后，澳大利亚经历了有史以来最大移民潮。但在这个期间，人们根本没有听说过多元文化主义这个概念。巴里他们一家也就是随着这次移民潮来到了澳大利亚。
[b]巴里·约克：[/b]
作为一个多元文化主义的拥护者，有一点我感到很奇怪，从我的个人经历来看，在澳大利亚政府正式提倡多元文化主义之前多元文化主义已经在澳大利亚发挥着很大的作用，这一点我必须承认。另一方面，也可能由于当时我还小，受到了大人的庇护，但我父亲回忆起他早年的经历，他就会有不同的感触。他觉得澳大利亚的种族歧视还是很严重的，即使对于像他这样的马耳他人。你必须记住，狭隘的看法和偏见绝不仅仅存在于坏心眼儿的英国后裔中，也并非其他国家不同文化背景的人就能做到开明而宽容。我记得曾有一个荷兰老头儿，他是一个码头工人，每天都从布伦瑞克骑自行车去上班。当黎巴嫩移民来到沙姆洛克街的时候，他就开始焦虑。有一天，他走到我跟前对我说，你知道吗，如果我们不提高警惕的话，黎巴嫩人就要把沙姆洛克街全部占为己有了。我想跟他说，难道你没有意识到，我们在十五、二十年前来到这里的时候，当地居民也是这样说我们的吗？由于不同文化背景的人在一起生活，相互通婚，使得我们已经有了很大的进步。不同的文化为澳大利亚社会带来了不同的价值观，有些与澳大利亚的主流价值观或者核心价值观相抵触。但即使他们自己不改变，他们的孩子也肯定会改变的。因为通常人人都喜欢有更多的自由，而不是桎梏。当然，在我看来，这个过程也不是一帆风顺的，我们一路磕磕绊绊地走过来了，虽然经历这些改变时偶尔会发生些小摩擦或偶有过激反应，但从长远来看，当所有的承诺都兑现了的时候，还是会有所成就的。我们从未因为民族问题而出现大规模的暴乱或国家动荡。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
二十世纪九十年代末，一些澳大利亚民众反对政府继续采取大规模移民政策，他们担心澳大利亚城市是否有能力接纳更多的移民。
鲍伯·比勒尔博士以及其他一些研究人员指出，现在从亚太地区过来的移民大都集中居住在澳大利亚的大城市里，特别是悉尼。
每年澳大利亚新移民中的百分之四十，也就是六、七万新移民都选择在悉尼定居。
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
悉尼尤其受到地理环境的限制，生活在这里的人们已经感受到了诸多不良后果，比如人口密集，基础设施建设上的巨资耗费，供水困难，城市空气进一步污染等一系列问题。新移民都倾向于到悉尼去，因此，在反对扩大移民规模的呼声中，来自新南威尔士政府的声势最强也就不足为怪了。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
为了满足新移民社区的需要，澳大利亚道路、桥梁所要承受的额外交通压力，以及澳大利亚政府在医疗和教育方面的额外投入，就可想而知了。
[b]鲍勃·比勒尔博士：[/b]
情况的确如此，并且更重要的是悉尼还是不同文化冲突最激烈的地方。在悉尼，来自亚洲国家和中东地区的移民占据了很高的比例。特别是穆斯林人口，大约三分之二的澳大利亚穆斯林都生活在悉尼。他们基本上是一些非技术工人，也不会说英语。在像悉尼这样的高消费城市，他们便都集中居住在西南部郊区。事实证明，这种集中会产生一系列的问题，因为这些人本来就对适应新环境感到困难重重，他们集中在一起就会使人口密集造成的紧张关系进一步激化。像这样的例子，我们见得多了，就像在印度支那人的聚集区卡伯马塔，毒品泛滥，犯罪猖獗。悉尼穆斯林聚集区也有类似的问题，特别是在如坎特伯雷之类的西郊地区。所以悉尼正是这场移民争论中的一个焦点。
（插播音乐：安布伦特的《希望》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
鲍伯·比勒尔博士是墨尔本莫纳什大学人口和城市研究中心的主任。
只要婴儿出生率持续下降，同时年龄在六十五岁和六十五岁以上的老年人人口不断上升，关于什么是澳大利亚最理想的人口规模以及移民能作什么贡献的争论就将是澳大利亚政治中的一个永恒的问题。
在我们的下一个节目中，我们将播出“澳大利亚文化——地域性和全球性”
我们下次节目再见。这里是澳洲广播电台，我是主持人苏·斯拉梅。感谢我们的技术总监——赖安·厄甘和我们的学术指导——莫纳什大学全国澳大利亚研究中心。
[/quote]
2006-8-7 03:19
城市童话
英文详细内容
[quote]
(Music: Urban World, from the album Loki's Mountain)
Parade - Kids/Street noise…"We're from New Zealand but we've been living here for about a year and I like all the different ethnic groups that have settled here in Australia and their contribution they made to the parade sort of reflects their contribution to the broader society … I really like that."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Hello I'm Sue Slamen from Radio Australia.
Today in our series, AUSTRALIA NOW -
'The Australian People'.
When Australia commemorated a hundred years of nationhood in 2001, the people who took part in the street parades reflected the fact that Australia's population is now one of the most ethnically diverse in the world.
'The First Australians' - the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders make up about two per cent of the population - the rest have been drawn from 250 different countries.
In contemporary Australia twenty-four per cent or one in four of Australia's population were born overseas and about a third of them were born in Asia.
Street /Parade FX … "It is great, great, I'm very proud to be Australian, more people gather together and the day is a very special day to celebrate 100th anniversary of Australia. So I think this day is very special."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The ethnic diversity of the Australian people at the start of the twenty-first century contrasts markedly with the population of Australia at the time of Federation in 1901 when the separate British colonies joined together as the Commonwealth of Australia. At that time 58 per cent of migrants were from Britain and a further 21 per cent were Irish.
Immigration from countries outside of Britain, principally New Zealand, Canada and America had been discouraged during Australian colonisation - and in 1901 - the Immigration Restriction Act enshrined the so-called White Australia Policy where people from non-English speaking countries could be subjected to a dictation test in any European language of the official's choice.
That discriminatory test was abolished in 1958 and the last vestiges of the White Australia Policy were removed in 1973 by the Federal Labour Government led by Gough Whitlam …
[b]NEWSREADER:[/b] " Speaking at the University of the Philippines where he received an honorary doctorate of law, Mr Whitlam said the White Australia Policy was dead and that attitudes in Australia towards immigration had changed profoundly and radically."
[b]MUSEUM:[/b] (FX) TING…"Today you're at the Customs and Excise Office in Melbourne, please select a period of Australian History in which you wish to conduct an interview. Here is today's interview list, please choose an applicant…(FX)…"TING "
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] At the beautifully restored Old Customs building in Melbourne is the Immigration Museum.
Here - visitors get to play the role of an Immigration Officer and decide who gets into Australia and who does not - depending on the policy of the day.
Moya McFadzean is the Curator of the exhibition called 'GETTING IN' and she explains what visitors can expect …
[b]MOYA MCFADZEAN:[/b] "Basically a visitor walks in and they walk into a very non-descript neutral interview room, it's in sort of 1950s public service green, and we needed to make it very non-descript because in actual fact the interviews that you can select from occur at different times in Australian history, the 1920s, the 1950s and the present day. And also people are interviewed to come to Australia in different places. One woman that we have, a Chinese woman in the 1920s is interviewed at the Customs House in Melbourne, where the Immigration Museum is now housed. Another applicant is interviewed in a United Nations caravan in a Saudi Arabian refugee camp. A 1950s British couple are interviewed at Australia House in London. So we also were trying to get people to think of themselves within a different interview place in different points of time, so different localities I suppose. And then basically people sit down at an old wooden desk and you are looking at a screen on which appears a supervisor, who explains to you what the experience will be about and what you have to do, which is basically you're part of an interview panel, and that you can select a period that you're interested in in Australian history. And then the supervisor invites you to then select from three people or three groups of people that you might like to interview, so there might be a Greek family or an English couple or a young Chinese student, depending on the period we're in. You make that selection and then the people appear on the screen, so you're engaging with real people, and an interviewer starts talking from behind you to make you feel part of a group interview. So it's really to help people learn about policies and processes and how they've evolved at different points in time, and to really understand that emotional and human component as well."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And while the White Australia Policy is now history, visitors and students to the Immigration Museum can experience for themselves the impact of those immigration restrictions by selecting the case study from the 1920's…
[b]MUSEUM:[/b] 'TING…. 'You'll be interviewing Mrs Win Tang from China. Her husband brought her to Australia six years ago, the result of a traditional Chinese matched marriage. Each year in order to stay Mrs Win Tang has applied for an extension to her 12 month certificate of exemption.'
Mock-Up of 1920's Interview:
"What is your name?"
"Mrs Win Tang."
"Do you speak English well?"
"Small."
"Where are you from?"
"China."
"When did you come to Australia?"
"1920."
"What is your occupation?"
"She does not have an occupation, she looks after the house and children for her husband."
"And what does her husband do?"
"She says he's a very successful businessman."
"She's received five extensions already, why should her case be reconsidered?"
"She says because her husband and children are here, her children were born here, she says she has a life with them now in Australia. She wants to stay with them."
[b]MUSEUM VOICE:[/b] 'It's time to make your final evaluation for Mrs Win Tang - will you let her stay in Australia? You're willing to extend Mrs Win Tang's certificate of exemption yet again, despite the White Australia Policy? Let us hear what is said."
"Mrs Win Tang, you have already been in Australia for six years, as the last extension was granted on the clear understanding that you would return to China we regret that we cannot see our way to grant a further extension in this case. You cannot stay in Australia, you must return to China. Your husband must make early arrangements for you to leave the Commonwealth."
"If she goes back to China she asks when will she see her husband and children again?"
"This is all in accordance with Australian immigration policy."
"My children! You send me to China, my children, what about my children, my husband!"
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] "Welcome to the Immigration Museum, now you've just come from a new exhibition, what did you make of the interview that you just heard there?
[b]OVERSEAS VISITOR:[/b] I did the interview of the girl from China and she had been here for six years and through the interviews the Australian Government made the policy that she can't stay here with her children. But I think it's very sad about it because she had children, she had her husband an Australian, why not? That was my question.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And you sir?
[b]2nd OVERSEAS VISITOR:[/b] I think it's good that we can recognise all the situations during the interviews, yeah how that the Australian country decide to allow the migrant to stay or not. Yeah we can so much knowledge from the interview.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And are you an Australian citizen or are you a visitor here?
[b]VISITOR:[/b] As for my friend there..
[b]VISITOR:[/b] I'm a student, a foreign student; I've been here for two months, only two months from Cambodia.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And can I ask had you heard of the White Australia Policy that operated in the country for a long time but is no more, thankfully, had you heard of that before?
[b]VISITOR:[/b] I'd never heard, I just got it at the moment when I went to the Room but I'm still not clear about that…. I'm sorry… laughs"
[b]CURATOR, MOYA MCFADZEAN:[/b] "The whole notion of restrictive policy certainly was alive and well in the 19th century, in the colonial times and then of course in 1901 with the Immigration Restriction Act. But it's interesting to note that all through Australian history while there were these restrictions in place which did direct the nature of our population and who was selected and who was rejected, there was also a stream of discussion and debate going on throughout that time. So immigration's always been a topic under discussion in Australia by both politicians, by community leaders, by community groups. So we've got examples actually in other parts of our exhibition, which look at the series of different types of debates that went on at different points in time. In the 19th century, late 19th century we have a group of Chinese community leaders who wrote a pamphlet called 'The Chinese Question', which really challenged the whole notion of restricting Chinese immigration to Australia. And that's going on, you know, over 100 years ago. So the debates have been ongoing and challenging and it just shows how communities can influence the way immigration policy evolves.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And it seems entirely appropriate to mention the Chinese community in a city where the Lord Mayor of this town is a Chinese Australian?
[b]MOYA MCFADZEAN:[/b] That's right, the Chinese have survived and prevailed in Victoria and in Australia. They're a people who came in in large numbers in the Gold Rush and even though Australia's immigration restriction policies were particularly aimed towards the Chinese, there's no doubt about that, and it really did impact upon the numbers that were able to come during that period from around the 1900s through to say the war time. You know those families did evolve, the generations did grow, and then after the war as restrictions relaxed, more and more people from the Asia Pacific region were able to come."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] You're listening to Radio Australia's series, AUSTRALIA NOW - Program 9, THE AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE.
Between 1947 and 1969 two million migrants came to Australia, mostly from Britain and war-torn Europe.
So long as there were labour shortages, new arrivals could readily find jobs in the manufacturing industry. In fact the main objective of the immigration program during the nineteen fifties and sixties was to create a large labour force for the expansion of Australian industry.
And unlike 'guest-workers' in many European countries, migrants to Australia were encouraged to take out Australian citizenship.
The post-war period saw communities of Italians, Greeks, Maltese, Croatians, Macedonians and Turks establish themselves in Australia's major cities.
Adele Murdolo's Italian family were part of that program of mass immigration.
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "I come from a migrant background and one thing that my parents and of course that generation always said is that we came here to work. And certainly the jobs that the generation that my parents had, even though they were factory jobs, they still did enjoy some good conditions in terms of health care, good breaks and permanency. And the other thing they say is that we do the jobs that the Australians don't want to do. So there has always been a high representation of migrants in the workforce, that really is the main reason why there has been an opening up of the borders to certain groups of migrants. And there have been many, many other benefits along the way and many changes to Australian culture along the way that have really shown that migration is such an asset to this country. But it's not the main reason why the borders were opened up to migrants, it really was to contribute to the workforce and to actually contribute as producers of goods, providers of services and also consumers."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Australian-born children of immigrant parents, like Adele Murdolo typify the success of the second-generation who statistically achieve better educational and occupational outcomes than their immigrant parents.
Adele manages the Migrant Working Women's Health Centre in Victoria - the state with the largest share of manufacturing - where you find a wide cross-section of women from non-English speaking backgrounds...
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "There's so much variety amongst the women who we work with, so from very different ethnic groups and language groups to the periods of time that they've been in Australia. So you'll go to a factory, we'll go and visit a factory and find women who are from say the former Yugoslavia who have been here for 30 years or more, and then we'll also find women who are here from China for example, they've been here only a couple of years, and they've got overseas health qualifications, they might be trained GPs in their own country, but they're in a process of getting their qualifications recognised, which can take actually quite a long time in Australia. And sometimes doesn't end up happening and people make other choices.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Perhaps you could just explain there Adele for those people who come with professional qualifications from overseas, that can often involve some re-training to get accreditation locally, which isn't easy when you're trying to earn a living and raise a family?
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] Absolutely and as you say raise a family, it's particularly difficult for women. They might have plans to go back and study but at the same time they have to earn their family's living, they're often bread-winning in their families, especially when you have two partners in the family both of whom are doing factory work, they have to combine their wages in order to be able to keep their family going. At the same time they're at an age when they want to have children, so it's in the ages between say 20 and 35 when women do come to Australia, that's the main group, and that's the age of course when people want to have families. So for women their working lives and their studying lives are interrupted, so people sometimes persevere and they sometimes make it, and sometimes they choose other paths."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] When economic growth slowed in the nineteen eighties and the manufacturing sector began to shed jobs arguments surfaced that non-English speaking migrants were too costly and that too many migrants were arriving with little or no English and few vocational skills to help them find work…
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] "The evidence became clear at the end of the 1980s when we had a much more open ended family reunion and less targetted skill program, that those migrants, particularly who came from non-English speaking background countries and whose English was poor or did not have skills which were accepted by Australian professional associations or employers, really struggled, particularly in the early 90s when we had a serious recession."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Dr Bob Birrell is the Director for Population and Urban Research at Melbourne's Monash University.
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] "Successive Australian governments, Labor as well as Coalition have made a much greater effort to restructure the family as well as skill programs to ensure that those lower skill flows are minimised.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Well how would you profile the migrants that contemporary Australia is trying to attract now?
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] The emphasis in the skill program is very much on those who know English, whose credentials are accepted by Australian professional associations and who are young. If applicants don't have those basic threshold criteria they don't even get a foot in the door and their applications are not even considered. Now within those constraints the emphasis is on skills where there is relatively strong demand as in nursing, computing, engineering, accounting, they're the main professional areas where we're taking in migrants at the moment, and again, over the last couple of years the focus has turned to those who are actually trained in Australia. More than half of our skilled migrants now are actually former overseas full fee students who have completed degrees in Australia, primarily from the more highly developed Southeast nations, as Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India increasingly and mainland China perhaps is an exception here, and our selection system gives them a points advantage and ensures that they can generally speaking change to permanent residence once they complete their education."
[b]SKILLED PROGRAM CASE STUDY:[/b] (FX) TING …
" You're at the Australian Consulate-General in Hong Kong. It is 1996, the year before Hong Kong is due to return to Chinese rule. You'll be interviewing Tang Sher Ling who's applied to immigrate to Australia under the skilled migration stream. Her file is on your desk. (FX) TING.
"Miss Tang Sher Ling".
"Hello."
"Do you have your paper with you?"
"Yes I brought in the original as requested."
"You were born in China in 1968?"
"That's right, in Shanghai, we later moved to Beijing for my father's work, and I now live in Hong Kong."
"How long have you lived here?"
"Since 1987 actually when I transferred to the University of Hong Kong from the University of Beijing."
"And what course were you studying?"
"I did a Bachelor of Science and I graduated in computer science at the end of 1989. My brothers were studying at a university in Melbourne during the Tiananmen Square incident. They were allowed to stay in Australia and are now permanent residents. It is my greatest wish to be reunited with my brothers."
"Do you have enough funds to support yourself whilst you're establishing your new life in Australia?"
"I will be bringing 20-thousand Australian dollars in cash and a share portfolio of 12-thousand. I will also be staying with my brother in Melbourne until I find a place of my own."
"And what do your brothers do?"
"Chen lives in Melbourne and is an accountant. Ming lives in Ballarat and owns a small web design service."
[b](FX): TING:[/b] "Please make your evaluation for Tang. (FX) TING
"You voted to allow Tang to come to Australia. She is an ideal candidate for acceptance under the Skilled Migration Stream. (FX) TING
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The need for large-scale immigration to promote economic growth has been a political constant in contemporary Australia.
And though Pauline Hanson's anti-immigration, ONE NATION Party was briefly popular back in 1996 / 97 - it's now generally agreed that Australia was founded on immigration and is now a multicultural society.
'Multiculturalism' has come to refer to the official strategies that have been put in place to make Australia more responsive to the needs, rights and obligations of new arrivals.
But as Barry York recalls, 'Multiculturalism' was not heard of during the biggest wave of migration after the Second World War and that included Barry's family…
[b]BARRY YORK:[/b] "The strange thing for me as a supporter of multiculturalism is that I have to acknowledge that it seemed to work quite well before there was any official multiculturalism, in my experience. On the other hand I was probably protected as a child, my father has quite a different recollection of his early experiences, he found Australians to be quite racist, even to him as a Maltese. But you've got to remember that the kind of intolerance or negative prejudices that exist between people it's definitely not a case of the Anglo bad guys and everyone else being enlightened tolerant people from culturally exotic backgrounds. And I remember when the Lebanese started to move in around Shamrock Street and this old Dutch guy, he was a waterside worker, rode his bike to work every day from Brunswick, and he was most concerned, he came up to me and you know the Lebanese were going to take over Shamrock Street if we weren't careful. I felt like saying to him don't you realise that that's what was said about people like yourself, you know 15, 20 years previously. But I guess the advance has occurred through people just living together and inter-marrying people from cultural backgrounds that bring values that would be anathema to the mainstream or core set of values usually if they don't change then their children certainly do, because usually everyone likes to be freer rather than less free. And to me it's just sort of bumbled and stumbled along with the occasional hiccups and the occasional overreactions against it. But it does seem to have worked in the long run when all's said and done, you know we haven't had major riots or civil unrest on the basis of ethnicity."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] By the end of the nineteen nineties - the case against future large scale immigration is often made by those who are concerned whether Australian cities can cope with many more people.
Researchers like Dr Bob Birrell point to the fact that current flows of migrants especially from the Asia-Pacific region are concentrating overwhelmingly in Australia's biggest cities, and especially in Sydney.
Forty per cent of Australia's annual migrant intake or sixty to seventy thousand new arrivals each year, choose to live in Sydney.
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] "Sydney in particular is geographically constrained and already feeling the impact of congestion and high costs of providing additional infrastructure, problems about water supply, difficulties in dealing with extra air pollution. So it's tended to concentrate in Sydney and it's no surprise that the most significant opposition to any expansion in our migration program is coming from the New South Wales government.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] You can understand extra pressure on the roads, extra traffic flows on the bridge, and extra demand on the health and education system to meet the needs of those migrant communities?
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] That's all true and on top of that Sydney is also the focal point of the cultural challenge. Sydney's getting very high proportions of some Asian, Middle Eastern migrants, particularly the Muslim population, some two-thirds is focussed in Sydney, and they tend to be the lower skilled, non-English speakers, and in a city like Sydney, which is very expensive as a consequence they are tending to concentrate in Sydney's southwest suburbs, and that's proving to be quite a cauldron of problems because you're getting high concentrations of people who are finding it difficult to cope, and this intensifies tensions associated with concentrations. And we've seen various manifestations of that as with problems of drug and crime in the Indo-Chinese areas of Cabramatta, but problems associated with the Muslim communities, particularly in western suburbs like Canterbury. So Sydney really is a focal point of the debate."
(Music: Under Light Way by Ambrent)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Dr Bob Birrell is the Director of the Centre for Population and Urban Research at Melbourne's Monash University.
And debate over the ideal size of Australia's population and what contribution should come from migration will remain a political constant so long as the number of babies born in Australia continues to decrease and the number of people aged sixty-five and over continues to grow.
In our next program; 'Australian Culture - the Local and the Global.'
Till then it's bye from me - Sue Slamen from Radio Australia… with thanks to Ryan Egan for technical production and the National Centre for Australian Studies at Monash University for academic advice.
[/quote]
[quote]
(Music: Urban World, from the album Loki's Mountain)
Parade - Kids/Street noise…"We're from New Zealand but we've been living here for about a year and I like all the different ethnic groups that have settled here in Australia and their contribution they made to the parade sort of reflects their contribution to the broader society … I really like that."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Hello I'm Sue Slamen from Radio Australia.
Today in our series, AUSTRALIA NOW -
'The Australian People'.
When Australia commemorated a hundred years of nationhood in 2001, the people who took part in the street parades reflected the fact that Australia's population is now one of the most ethnically diverse in the world.
'The First Australians' - the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders make up about two per cent of the population - the rest have been drawn from 250 different countries.
In contemporary Australia twenty-four per cent or one in four of Australia's population were born overseas and about a third of them were born in Asia.
Street /Parade FX … "It is great, great, I'm very proud to be Australian, more people gather together and the day is a very special day to celebrate 100th anniversary of Australia. So I think this day is very special."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The ethnic diversity of the Australian people at the start of the twenty-first century contrasts markedly with the population of Australia at the time of Federation in 1901 when the separate British colonies joined together as the Commonwealth of Australia. At that time 58 per cent of migrants were from Britain and a further 21 per cent were Irish.
Immigration from countries outside of Britain, principally New Zealand, Canada and America had been discouraged during Australian colonisation - and in 1901 - the Immigration Restriction Act enshrined the so-called White Australia Policy where people from non-English speaking countries could be subjected to a dictation test in any European language of the official's choice.
That discriminatory test was abolished in 1958 and the last vestiges of the White Australia Policy were removed in 1973 by the Federal Labour Government led by Gough Whitlam …
[b]NEWSREADER:[/b] " Speaking at the University of the Philippines where he received an honorary doctorate of law, Mr Whitlam said the White Australia Policy was dead and that attitudes in Australia towards immigration had changed profoundly and radically."
[b]MUSEUM:[/b] (FX) TING…"Today you're at the Customs and Excise Office in Melbourne, please select a period of Australian History in which you wish to conduct an interview. Here is today's interview list, please choose an applicant…(FX)…"TING "
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] At the beautifully restored Old Customs building in Melbourne is the Immigration Museum.
Here - visitors get to play the role of an Immigration Officer and decide who gets into Australia and who does not - depending on the policy of the day.
Moya McFadzean is the Curator of the exhibition called 'GETTING IN' and she explains what visitors can expect …
[b]MOYA MCFADZEAN:[/b] "Basically a visitor walks in and they walk into a very non-descript neutral interview room, it's in sort of 1950s public service green, and we needed to make it very non-descript because in actual fact the interviews that you can select from occur at different times in Australian history, the 1920s, the 1950s and the present day. And also people are interviewed to come to Australia in different places. One woman that we have, a Chinese woman in the 1920s is interviewed at the Customs House in Melbourne, where the Immigration Museum is now housed. Another applicant is interviewed in a United Nations caravan in a Saudi Arabian refugee camp. A 1950s British couple are interviewed at Australia House in London. So we also were trying to get people to think of themselves within a different interview place in different points of time, so different localities I suppose. And then basically people sit down at an old wooden desk and you are looking at a screen on which appears a supervisor, who explains to you what the experience will be about and what you have to do, which is basically you're part of an interview panel, and that you can select a period that you're interested in in Australian history. And then the supervisor invites you to then select from three people or three groups of people that you might like to interview, so there might be a Greek family or an English couple or a young Chinese student, depending on the period we're in. You make that selection and then the people appear on the screen, so you're engaging with real people, and an interviewer starts talking from behind you to make you feel part of a group interview. So it's really to help people learn about policies and processes and how they've evolved at different points in time, and to really understand that emotional and human component as well."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And while the White Australia Policy is now history, visitors and students to the Immigration Museum can experience for themselves the impact of those immigration restrictions by selecting the case study from the 1920's…
[b]MUSEUM:[/b] 'TING…. 'You'll be interviewing Mrs Win Tang from China. Her husband brought her to Australia six years ago, the result of a traditional Chinese matched marriage. Each year in order to stay Mrs Win Tang has applied for an extension to her 12 month certificate of exemption.'
Mock-Up of 1920's Interview:
"What is your name?"
"Mrs Win Tang."
"Do you speak English well?"
"Small."
"Where are you from?"
"China."
"When did you come to Australia?"
"1920."
"What is your occupation?"
"She does not have an occupation, she looks after the house and children for her husband."
"And what does her husband do?"
"She says he's a very successful businessman."
"She's received five extensions already, why should her case be reconsidered?"
"She says because her husband and children are here, her children were born here, she says she has a life with them now in Australia. She wants to stay with them."
[b]MUSEUM VOICE:[/b] 'It's time to make your final evaluation for Mrs Win Tang - will you let her stay in Australia? You're willing to extend Mrs Win Tang's certificate of exemption yet again, despite the White Australia Policy? Let us hear what is said."
"Mrs Win Tang, you have already been in Australia for six years, as the last extension was granted on the clear understanding that you would return to China we regret that we cannot see our way to grant a further extension in this case. You cannot stay in Australia, you must return to China. Your husband must make early arrangements for you to leave the Commonwealth."
"If she goes back to China she asks when will she see her husband and children again?"
"This is all in accordance with Australian immigration policy."
"My children! You send me to China, my children, what about my children, my husband!"
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] "Welcome to the Immigration Museum, now you've just come from a new exhibition, what did you make of the interview that you just heard there?
[b]OVERSEAS VISITOR:[/b] I did the interview of the girl from China and she had been here for six years and through the interviews the Australian Government made the policy that she can't stay here with her children. But I think it's very sad about it because she had children, she had her husband an Australian, why not? That was my question.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And you sir?
[b]2nd OVERSEAS VISITOR:[/b] I think it's good that we can recognise all the situations during the interviews, yeah how that the Australian country decide to allow the migrant to stay or not. Yeah we can so much knowledge from the interview.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And are you an Australian citizen or are you a visitor here?
[b]VISITOR:[/b] As for my friend there..
[b]VISITOR:[/b] I'm a student, a foreign student; I've been here for two months, only two months from Cambodia.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And can I ask had you heard of the White Australia Policy that operated in the country for a long time but is no more, thankfully, had you heard of that before?
[b]VISITOR:[/b] I'd never heard, I just got it at the moment when I went to the Room but I'm still not clear about that…. I'm sorry… laughs"
[b]CURATOR, MOYA MCFADZEAN:[/b] "The whole notion of restrictive policy certainly was alive and well in the 19th century, in the colonial times and then of course in 1901 with the Immigration Restriction Act. But it's interesting to note that all through Australian history while there were these restrictions in place which did direct the nature of our population and who was selected and who was rejected, there was also a stream of discussion and debate going on throughout that time. So immigration's always been a topic under discussion in Australia by both politicians, by community leaders, by community groups. So we've got examples actually in other parts of our exhibition, which look at the series of different types of debates that went on at different points in time. In the 19th century, late 19th century we have a group of Chinese community leaders who wrote a pamphlet called 'The Chinese Question', which really challenged the whole notion of restricting Chinese immigration to Australia. And that's going on, you know, over 100 years ago. So the debates have been ongoing and challenging and it just shows how communities can influence the way immigration policy evolves.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And it seems entirely appropriate to mention the Chinese community in a city where the Lord Mayor of this town is a Chinese Australian?
[b]MOYA MCFADZEAN:[/b] That's right, the Chinese have survived and prevailed in Victoria and in Australia. They're a people who came in in large numbers in the Gold Rush and even though Australia's immigration restriction policies were particularly aimed towards the Chinese, there's no doubt about that, and it really did impact upon the numbers that were able to come during that period from around the 1900s through to say the war time. You know those families did evolve, the generations did grow, and then after the war as restrictions relaxed, more and more people from the Asia Pacific region were able to come."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] You're listening to Radio Australia's series, AUSTRALIA NOW - Program 9, THE AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE.
Between 1947 and 1969 two million migrants came to Australia, mostly from Britain and war-torn Europe.
So long as there were labour shortages, new arrivals could readily find jobs in the manufacturing industry. In fact the main objective of the immigration program during the nineteen fifties and sixties was to create a large labour force for the expansion of Australian industry.
And unlike 'guest-workers' in many European countries, migrants to Australia were encouraged to take out Australian citizenship.
The post-war period saw communities of Italians, Greeks, Maltese, Croatians, Macedonians and Turks establish themselves in Australia's major cities.
Adele Murdolo's Italian family were part of that program of mass immigration.
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "I come from a migrant background and one thing that my parents and of course that generation always said is that we came here to work. And certainly the jobs that the generation that my parents had, even though they were factory jobs, they still did enjoy some good conditions in terms of health care, good breaks and permanency. And the other thing they say is that we do the jobs that the Australians don't want to do. So there has always been a high representation of migrants in the workforce, that really is the main reason why there has been an opening up of the borders to certain groups of migrants. And there have been many, many other benefits along the way and many changes to Australian culture along the way that have really shown that migration is such an asset to this country. But it's not the main reason why the borders were opened up to migrants, it really was to contribute to the workforce and to actually contribute as producers of goods, providers of services and also consumers."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Australian-born children of immigrant parents, like Adele Murdolo typify the success of the second-generation who statistically achieve better educational and occupational outcomes than their immigrant parents.
Adele manages the Migrant Working Women's Health Centre in Victoria - the state with the largest share of manufacturing - where you find a wide cross-section of women from non-English speaking backgrounds...
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "There's so much variety amongst the women who we work with, so from very different ethnic groups and language groups to the periods of time that they've been in Australia. So you'll go to a factory, we'll go and visit a factory and find women who are from say the former Yugoslavia who have been here for 30 years or more, and then we'll also find women who are here from China for example, they've been here only a couple of years, and they've got overseas health qualifications, they might be trained GPs in their own country, but they're in a process of getting their qualifications recognised, which can take actually quite a long time in Australia. And sometimes doesn't end up happening and people make other choices.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Perhaps you could just explain there Adele for those people who come with professional qualifications from overseas, that can often involve some re-training to get accreditation locally, which isn't easy when you're trying to earn a living and raise a family?
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] Absolutely and as you say raise a family, it's particularly difficult for women. They might have plans to go back and study but at the same time they have to earn their family's living, they're often bread-winning in their families, especially when you have two partners in the family both of whom are doing factory work, they have to combine their wages in order to be able to keep their family going. At the same time they're at an age when they want to have children, so it's in the ages between say 20 and 35 when women do come to Australia, that's the main group, and that's the age of course when people want to have families. So for women their working lives and their studying lives are interrupted, so people sometimes persevere and they sometimes make it, and sometimes they choose other paths."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] When economic growth slowed in the nineteen eighties and the manufacturing sector began to shed jobs arguments surfaced that non-English speaking migrants were too costly and that too many migrants were arriving with little or no English and few vocational skills to help them find work…
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] "The evidence became clear at the end of the 1980s when we had a much more open ended family reunion and less targetted skill program, that those migrants, particularly who came from non-English speaking background countries and whose English was poor or did not have skills which were accepted by Australian professional associations or employers, really struggled, particularly in the early 90s when we had a serious recession."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Dr Bob Birrell is the Director for Population and Urban Research at Melbourne's Monash University.
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] "Successive Australian governments, Labor as well as Coalition have made a much greater effort to restructure the family as well as skill programs to ensure that those lower skill flows are minimised.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Well how would you profile the migrants that contemporary Australia is trying to attract now?
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] The emphasis in the skill program is very much on those who know English, whose credentials are accepted by Australian professional associations and who are young. If applicants don't have those basic threshold criteria they don't even get a foot in the door and their applications are not even considered. Now within those constraints the emphasis is on skills where there is relatively strong demand as in nursing, computing, engineering, accounting, they're the main professional areas where we're taking in migrants at the moment, and again, over the last couple of years the focus has turned to those who are actually trained in Australia. More than half of our skilled migrants now are actually former overseas full fee students who have completed degrees in Australia, primarily from the more highly developed Southeast nations, as Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India increasingly and mainland China perhaps is an exception here, and our selection system gives them a points advantage and ensures that they can generally speaking change to permanent residence once they complete their education."
[b]SKILLED PROGRAM CASE STUDY:[/b] (FX) TING …
" You're at the Australian Consulate-General in Hong Kong. It is 1996, the year before Hong Kong is due to return to Chinese rule. You'll be interviewing Tang Sher Ling who's applied to immigrate to Australia under the skilled migration stream. Her file is on your desk. (FX) TING.
"Miss Tang Sher Ling".
"Hello."
"Do you have your paper with you?"
"Yes I brought in the original as requested."
"You were born in China in 1968?"
"That's right, in Shanghai, we later moved to Beijing for my father's work, and I now live in Hong Kong."
"How long have you lived here?"
"Since 1987 actually when I transferred to the University of Hong Kong from the University of Beijing."
"And what course were you studying?"
"I did a Bachelor of Science and I graduated in computer science at the end of 1989. My brothers were studying at a university in Melbourne during the Tiananmen Square incident. They were allowed to stay in Australia and are now permanent residents. It is my greatest wish to be reunited with my brothers."
"Do you have enough funds to support yourself whilst you're establishing your new life in Australia?"
"I will be bringing 20-thousand Australian dollars in cash and a share portfolio of 12-thousand. I will also be staying with my brother in Melbourne until I find a place of my own."
"And what do your brothers do?"
"Chen lives in Melbourne and is an accountant. Ming lives in Ballarat and owns a small web design service."
[b](FX): TING:[/b] "Please make your evaluation for Tang. (FX) TING
"You voted to allow Tang to come to Australia. She is an ideal candidate for acceptance under the Skilled Migration Stream. (FX) TING
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The need for large-scale immigration to promote economic growth has been a political constant in contemporary Australia.
And though Pauline Hanson's anti-immigration, ONE NATION Party was briefly popular back in 1996 / 97 - it's now generally agreed that Australia was founded on immigration and is now a multicultural society.
'Multiculturalism' has come to refer to the official strategies that have been put in place to make Australia more responsive to the needs, rights and obligations of new arrivals.
But as Barry York recalls, 'Multiculturalism' was not heard of during the biggest wave of migration after the Second World War and that included Barry's family…
[b]BARRY YORK:[/b] "The strange thing for me as a supporter of multiculturalism is that I have to acknowledge that it seemed to work quite well before there was any official multiculturalism, in my experience. On the other hand I was probably protected as a child, my father has quite a different recollection of his early experiences, he found Australians to be quite racist, even to him as a Maltese. But you've got to remember that the kind of intolerance or negative prejudices that exist between people it's definitely not a case of the Anglo bad guys and everyone else being enlightened tolerant people from culturally exotic backgrounds. And I remember when the Lebanese started to move in around Shamrock Street and this old Dutch guy, he was a waterside worker, rode his bike to work every day from Brunswick, and he was most concerned, he came up to me and you know the Lebanese were going to take over Shamrock Street if we weren't careful. I felt like saying to him don't you realise that that's what was said about people like yourself, you know 15, 20 years previously. But I guess the advance has occurred through people just living together and inter-marrying people from cultural backgrounds that bring values that would be anathema to the mainstream or core set of values usually if they don't change then their children certainly do, because usually everyone likes to be freer rather than less free. And to me it's just sort of bumbled and stumbled along with the occasional hiccups and the occasional overreactions against it. But it does seem to have worked in the long run when all's said and done, you know we haven't had major riots or civil unrest on the basis of ethnicity."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] By the end of the nineteen nineties - the case against future large scale immigration is often made by those who are concerned whether Australian cities can cope with many more people.
Researchers like Dr Bob Birrell point to the fact that current flows of migrants especially from the Asia-Pacific region are concentrating overwhelmingly in Australia's biggest cities, and especially in Sydney.
Forty per cent of Australia's annual migrant intake or sixty to seventy thousand new arrivals each year, choose to live in Sydney.
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] "Sydney in particular is geographically constrained and already feeling the impact of congestion and high costs of providing additional infrastructure, problems about water supply, difficulties in dealing with extra air pollution. So it's tended to concentrate in Sydney and it's no surprise that the most significant opposition to any expansion in our migration program is coming from the New South Wales government.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] You can understand extra pressure on the roads, extra traffic flows on the bridge, and extra demand on the health and education system to meet the needs of those migrant communities?
[b]DR BOB BIRRELL:[/b] That's all true and on top of that Sydney is also the focal point of the cultural challenge. Sydney's getting very high proportions of some Asian, Middle Eastern migrants, particularly the Muslim population, some two-thirds is focussed in Sydney, and they tend to be the lower skilled, non-English speakers, and in a city like Sydney, which is very expensive as a consequence they are tending to concentrate in Sydney's southwest suburbs, and that's proving to be quite a cauldron of problems because you're getting high concentrations of people who are finding it difficult to cope, and this intensifies tensions associated with concentrations. And we've seen various manifestations of that as with problems of drug and crime in the Indo-Chinese areas of Cabramatta, but problems associated with the Muslim communities, particularly in western suburbs like Canterbury. So Sydney really is a focal point of the debate."
(Music: Under Light Way by Ambrent)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Dr Bob Birrell is the Director of the Centre for Population and Urban Research at Melbourne's Monash University.
And debate over the ideal size of Australia's population and what contribution should come from migration will remain a political constant so long as the number of babies born in Australia continues to decrease and the number of people aged sixty-five and over continues to grow.
In our next program; 'Australian Culture - the Local and the Global.'
Till then it's bye from me - Sue Slamen from Radio Australia… with thanks to Ryan Egan for technical production and the National Centre for Australian Studies at Monash University for academic advice.
[/quote]
2006-8-7 03:19
城市童话
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2006-8-7 20:50
gjsky
thanks
2006-9-14 17:40
yugn
顶，
[url]mms://media4.abc.net.au/ra/australia/media/an9.wma[/url]
[url]mms://media4.abc.net.au/ra/australia/media/an9.wma[/url]
2006-9-29 22:55
ziming
谢
2006-10-16 19:06
monicainbal
嗬嗬，赶紧下载！不 要 错估哦！
2006-10-17 23:24
puppy_lucy
thanks!~
2006-10-17 23:30
puppy_lucy
下了也看不了！！！
2006-10-27 22:11
howard_z
ddd
ddd
ddd
2006-12-13 10:05
monicainbal
呵呵,好资料!
2006-12-16 21:22
土地
nice
must look it
must look it
2007-1-20 14:24
黑色石头
侃侃而谈
2007-3-4 23:40
littlefox2007
哈
2007-3-22 13:33
偶来了
up
2007-4-3 03:23
lovenet88
回复 #3 城市童话 的帖子
:)
:)
2007-4-9 14:03
刘痒痒
:( :(
2007-4-12 22:15
cccc_2001gao
hh
2007-4-12 22:31
紫青
回复 #4 城市童话 的帖子
:)
:)
2007-4-14 18:10
samliuflash
hao!
2007-4-14 23:09
yuki_lzy
thanks
2007-4-15 13:33
victor0914
:P
2007-4-18 00:27
hustgdlele
thank
2007-4-29 14:04
myshun545
read ir
2007-5-19 19:34
city
thanks a lot
:(
:(
2007-5-22 21:36
heroty
ding!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2007-5-26 22:02
zhonglei_04
支持一下:(
2007-5-31 12:42
psleetr
99999999999
2007-6-2 19:44
dangjr1919
:') :') :') :')
2007-7-1 13:38
DIY蜕化
heihei
2007-7-15 00:21
chrisfong
从事的工作、生活的家园和休闲方式；为您解读他们赖以生存的环境、管理国家的政治体制以及他们是如何待人处事以及在本地区发展睦邻友好关系的。
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
2007-7-15 00:23
chrisfong
从事的工作、生活的家园和休闲方式；为您解读他们赖以生存的环境、管理国家的政治体制以及他们是如何待人处事以及在本地区发展睦邻友好关系的。
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
2007-7-19 16:59
ycfder
了
解
解
2007-7-19 21:44
tyg1984711
支持
2007-7-19 23:57
icecream123
i want to learn english, thank you very much!
2007-8-21 20:02
thinkworm
fdsa
fdas
fdas
2007-9-8 15:09
babypigsxm
UP
2007-9-12 15:47
bonnie7211
OZ
2007-9-22 12:02
icebear
用来听的不是看得！
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