澳洲广播电台第二集：瞭望大看台(页 1) - 澳洲留学移民 - 澳大利亚广播电台 -

澳洲广播电台第二集：瞭望大看台

2000年悉尼奥运会开幕式展现了澳大利亚人生活的许多侧面和文化，许多澳大利亚人都珍视这些文化传统，认为它们是澳大利亚的象征。而对海外游客来说，这些文化传统却是完全陌生的，充满了神秘感。但是，并不是所有的澳大利亚人都认为这场民族团结的大展示代表了他们的看法.

详细内容请看二,三,四楼.

中文详细内容

[quote]
喇叭声……“今晚，让我们欢迎全世界最出色的运动健儿们以及他们的支持者来到澳大利亚的悉尼。”

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

大家好，我是苏·斯拉梅，欢迎收听“今日澳洲”……

这里是“瞭望大看台”。 二零零零年悉尼奥运会让澳大利亚成为全世界所关注的焦点，这是前所未有的。据估计，仅开幕式就吸引了全球三十五亿电视观众。

[b]国际奥委会主席萨马兰奇向观众们致意：[/b]

你好，悉尼！你好，澳大利亚！

[b]澳大利亚广播公司奥运报导节选：[/b]

“澳大利亚即将向全世界展示自己的风采并宣告，这就是我们澳大利亚，这就是我们的生活。我们感到万分高兴能在此向您展示这一切。表演就要开始了，就要开始了。哦，已经开始了。一匹澳洲骏马飞奔入场，驰骋在澳大利亚干燥的土地上。场面极为壮观。”

“一百二十名骑手参加了这场演出。白人在澳大利亚安家落户之后，这些骏马帮助他们征服了广袤无边的内陆，立下了赫赫战功，因而也在澳大利亚的文化生活中扮演了一个与众不同、充满激情的角色。这一百二十匹骏马组成阵形，排成长队从体育场南端奔跑到北端，又返回组成五环的图案，环绕奔跑。”

“这时，悉尼交响乐团演奏起电影《冰河来客》（Man from Snowy River）中的乐曲。”

“你能够想象这种场景吗？体育场上出现了几百块马口铁皮，旧机器的零部件和大水箱。有些是完整的，有些是残破的。那些大水箱，有的是靠表演者躲在箱内滚动，有的则是靠表演者在箱子上摇摇晃晃地跳动才滚动起来的，就像滚动许多橡皮球一样。”

“表演者像演奏打击乐器一样击打木板，引起热情观众的附和，表演者又把木板背到背上。”

“这时体育场上又出现了瓦楞铁板，正向体育场中心迅速推进。这些建筑材料组成了灌木丛。”

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

悉尼奥运会的开幕式和闭幕式都成为了表现澳大利亚文化的理想场所。墨尔本莫纳什大学全国澳大利亚研究中心经常给学生们播放这些场面，供他们讨论研究。

[b]学生们：[/b]

“作为墨尔本人，我长这么大还从没住过用瓦楞铁板做屋顶的房子，我家后院里从没有过雨水箱。但我有个同学来自农村地区，她的经历和我不同。”

“嗯，是的，在我生长的地方，到处都是开山的推土机、割草机、瓦楞铁板屋顶和雨水箱。对我来说，这些就是我的童年，就是我心目中的澳大利亚。但我觉得，这是一种完全取决于个人经历的主观印象。是的，澳大利亚的城市正在迈向都市化，但是还有好多人仍像那样生活。我是说，还有好多人他们愿意过那样的日子。也许，这些表演过于强调农村生活，但是我认为农村确实是澳大利亚一个非常非常重要的组成部分。”

“我从小就在一个偏远的小地方长大，所以我没想到开幕式上会有表现农村地区的东西。开幕式的策划者们不嫌麻烦，在开幕式上展现这些东西，使我感到特别自豪。也许，这不是乡村生活的全部，但是像开幕式上把马队表演和《冰河来客》的主题曲配在一起的安排，简直棒极了。是的，真的太棒了，深深地打动了我和同我一起观看开幕式的朋友。”

“我认为，传统的澳大利亚形象中都会有农村景象，对外宣传中我们也是一直这么做的。所以开幕式中当然要包括农村题材。在许多人看来，城市就是城市。但我认为，澳大利亚的特色主要在内陆地区，我们一直是这样向全世界进行宣传的。在开幕式上，这一点也表现的非常明确。”

“开幕式中还有许多其它方面的宣传。比如对悉尼这座城市本身的推广。奥运会开幕前在世界各地的所有广告都在介绍悉尼这座城市、悉尼的海滨、悉尼歌剧院和悉尼港湾大桥，等等，等等。就在开幕式上，你也可以看到探照灯的光束掠过悉尼的大街小巷这一类的镜头。开幕式中确实有悉尼的内容。不过，还让人高兴的是，所有观众都得到了一份放在他们座位上的小礼品包，这样他们可以拿起其中的手电筒挥舞，表明他们也参与到这场盛会中。那是澳大利亚人的狂欢之夜。”

（插播音乐：《哦，澳大利亚人》 （Aussis Aussie Aussie）--“澳大利亚之星乐队” (The Aussie Allstars)演唱）

[b]格雷姆·戴维森：[/b]

提起世界杯足球赛或奥运会，我们会思考体育在多大程度上展示了一个国家的基本民族特征。体育正日益成为一种通用媒介，一种促进国与国之间相互交流、彼此展示各自形象的共同语言。如果在一百年前，这种沟通需要通过参加交易会才能得以实现；而在五十年前，人们更热衷于用战争的方式来展示民族特征和性格。但在今天，我认为体育在很多方面已经取代了战争的功能。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

格雷姆·戴维森教授来自莫纳什大学历史学院。他对澳大利亚的民族特征进行了广泛的研究，著作颇丰。

在澳大利亚人眼中，体育运动对于其国家形象非常重要。在二零零零年的悉尼奥运会上，他们像赛场上的运动员一样，为全世界观众表演……

[b]格雷姆·戴维森：[/b]

这是一次盛会，所以澳大利亚不遗余力地向全世界展现了自己的风采。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

那我们现在来谈谈这次奥运会开幕式上所表现的一些形象。作为澳大利亚人，看到那些健壮、英武的丛林汉策马扬鞭奔入赛场，我们会很开心，因为我们会联想到这个国家开拓定居的时代、那些在美化郊外住宅区中功不可没的维克塔割草机。虽然这些象征物可以让我们联想到澳大利亚的不同历史时期，但是，那些海外观众又能从中得到什么启示呢？

[b]格雷姆·戴维森：[/b]

嗯，举例来说，我记得开幕式是在《冰河来客》乐曲中，以那些骑手的表演开场的，一下就向观众呈现出澳大利亚开拓者的形象。在澳大利亚历史上，这一形象是浓墨重彩的一笔，让人想起班卓·帕特森，想起那些不朽的丛林歌谣等等。当然，这一场景也能让人立刻产生联想，尤其是那些对悉尼奥运会非常挑剔的美国观众。他们会立刻对骑手和粗犷的开拓者那一系列形象产生共鸣。但是，如你所说，开幕式中还展示了大量其他的形象。比如有一些涉及到澳大利亚的原住民文化，这在澳大利亚展示自己的方式上还是相对新颖的。在一九五六年的奥运会上，澳大利亚在展示自己的形象时完全没有涉及到原住民文化。而今天，原住民文化的地位变得更为突出、日渐成为人们关注的中心议题。当然，这也与美国文化中的某些因素紧密相连。美国人会十分同情原住民争取自由、成为国家重要组成部分的奋斗经历。至于其它的形象，如穿着布朗史东牌短靴跳舞、推着维克塔割草机，我觉得会令很多美国评论家难于理解。这并不是因为他们不知道这些形象代表什么，而是他们觉得这种场合应该更为庄重一些。他们无法想象，如果一个国家像澳大利亚那样在开幕式上如此展示自己形象，那怎么会被别人认真对待呢？在他们眼里，澳大利亚人很难严肃认真起来。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

当然，作为澳大利亚人，我们能理解这一点。我们并不总是把自己、甚至政客或权威人士太当回事。您的话让我想起其他人的评论。他们说悉尼奥运会的开幕式和闭幕式组织得不够严谨，有点随意，几乎处于一种混乱状态。您是怎么看的呢？

[b]格雷姆·戴维森：[/b]

我认为这一点正是悉尼特色。二零零零年奥运会上所表现的一些文化特征正是悉尼文化的体现。这个城市的文化有很多层面，耀眼夺目，表现欲很强，而这正是这个城市文化的一部分。当然，这种随意性源于文化传统。我们可以回顾一下一九五六年的墨尔本奥运会。在闭幕式上，各国运动员们不是以国家列队行进，而是打乱方阵，随意地往前走。这在奥运史上是第一次。我想这确实体现了澳大利亚国民性格中的某些特点，反映了澳大利亚人所采取的闲适的生活态度。不过，有些美国评论者对此并不赞赏。我记得其中一位谈论他在悉尼奥运会期间四处参观的感受。他谈到了表面上的随意氛围，谈到人们将“没事儿”挂在嘴边。“没事儿”这一口头禅让他不禁感到疑惑，在这种随意的外表下，难道就没有一丝的焦虑和担忧？澳大利亚人是否在乎其它国家的人对他们的看法并为此感到不安？澳大利亚人自我感觉不错，而外国人是否也觉得我们就是那么好呢？文化评论家阿瑟·菲利普斯几年前提出了“文化自卑心理”这一概念。这在某种程度上反映出澳大利亚十分需要他人来认可他们的自我定位。你可能认为，这意味着在某些方面，澳大利亚人作为一个国家，而不一定是个人，有着相对弱的自我意识。产生这种现象的原因可以归结于殖民历史的意识以及同其它欧洲国家长期分离的状态。在过去很长一段时期内，澳大利亚人要等上几个星期才能知道欧洲对其所作所为的反应。所以，殖民主义的遗风还在影响着澳大利亚人的自我意识。在谈论足球运动员时，我们会用到一个词"球员的看台意识"。他是在为看台上的观众表演而不是真正与场内的球员踢球。看台意识多少有点澳大利亚特色。

[b]学生：[/b]

作为澳大利亚人，我为生活在这个国度感到非常自豪。但在观看开幕式时，我记得自己有点紧张，不知道其它国家人会如何解读我们所展示的形象。我很想得到一些反馈，看看他们是否理解这一切。因为，我们澳大利亚人自然能明白电视转播中这些象征的内涵；但我不知道那些不熟悉我们文化的其它国家的人是否一定能理解这些。

[b]学生：[/b]

问题就在于，作为一个外国人，你并不知道澳大利亚之梦会体现在一个身穿奇特的T恤衫，正在使用割草机的人身上，所以你对这种场景的内涵无法产生任何联想。而这正是触动我的地方。

[b]学生：[/b]

割草的传统要追溯到澳大利亚人“四分之一英亩家园”的梦想，每个周六的早晨，澳大利亚人起床后会在庭院中修整草坪，冲洗汽车，然后一家人开着他们的霍尔登（Holden）牌小汽车沿着海边兜风，午饭时就在店里买个馅饼充饥，看看袋鼠，然后回家。周日再重复一遍与周六几乎相同的活动。

[b]奥林匹克运动会开幕式：[/b]

一个澳大利亚小女孩来到了澳大利亚体育场的中心，在地上铺好浴巾，在鼻子上涂好防晒霜，然后就进入了梦乡。她第一个梦的场景是在水下，我们看见了美丽的鱼群、章鱼以及其它海洋生物。

小姑娘经历了一个招魂显灵的仪式，紧接着是传统的原住民烟火仪式。

小姑娘的梦仍在继续，在梦中，白人来到澳大利亚……

[b]学生：[/b]

这个节目安排很有意思，虽然他们强调多元文化主义，并且事实上也试图将澳大利亚描绘成一个由各个民族组成的国家，只要有一个民族存在，你就能够在澳大利亚找到属于这个民族的面孔。然而，那个做梦的女孩，这个全场的中心人物却是一个典型的金发白人，她的家似乎是一座位于市郊的小房子，而这也正是澳大利亚所宣传的。如果你看看广告牌，你就会发现那上面大多数都是白人，欧洲人的模样。那个小姑娘看起来就是土生土长的本地人，如同邻家女孩一样，是一个很好的形象代言人，但却丝毫没有突出多元文化的特征。

[b]学生：[/b]

我喜欢开幕式的开头，因为这一部分涉及到了多元文化，这是我没有想到的。我记得亚特兰大奥运会的开幕式就根本没有提到美国的原住民。正因为澳大利亚人认真考虑了他们的历史起源或者说考虑到了原住民，所以我很喜欢这一点。

[b]学生：[/b]

我认为在整个开幕式中，全国人民都在等着看是不是真的让凯茜·弗里曼点燃奥运圣火。大家都十分好奇，等待着开幕式的结束，亲眼看看最终澳大利亚是否会为对原住民的文化和民族所做的一切道歉。我想世界上其它国家都会为之惊叹，可能澳大利亚人也会，并琢磨着下一届奥运会还真得拿出点特色来，否则无法超越本届开幕式和整个赛事的组织。所以大家都拭目以待：看看是否真的会由一个原住民来点燃奥运圣火。

[b]二零零零年奥运会解说员：[/b]

现在轮到凯茜·弗里曼了，她开始了最后的攀登，越过水与火层叠的瀑布，最终点燃了第二十七届奥林匹克运动会开幕式的圣火。

[b]新闻广播员：[/b]

一周之内凯茜·弗里曼成为全世界的新闻人物。开幕式之前,这个名字就在澳大利亚家喻户晓了。近四十亿的电视观众观看了开幕式，这使她的名字享誉海内外，也吸引了国际媒体的广泛关注。就点燃奥运圣火这件事对原住民产生的影响，她在接受采访时回答道：“毫无疑问，这对于原住民来说是一个极大的鼓舞，因为这件事极具历史性，意义十分重大。你知道这是史无前例的。所以，非常感谢大家，这对于原住民来说是极大的荣耀。

[b]利恩·怀特：[/b]

凯茜·弗里曼无疑是这次点燃圣火的最佳人选。火炬接力本身就是一种凝聚力的体现，将整个国家都凝聚在一起。在一百多天的时间里，火炬接力经过艾尔斯岩、乌卢鲁、以及全国各地，最后以凯茜·弗里曼点燃圣火台上的火炬结束。这一事件的确将整个国家凝聚在一起。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

利恩·怀特负责莫纳什大学澳大利亚研究中心本科生项目的协调工作。

原住民团体直接参与了奥运会的开幕式、闭幕式以及全国范围的火炬接力活动。

[b]利恩·怀特：[/b]

具有讽刺意味的是，火炬传递从乌卢鲁、艾尔斯岩开始，一百多天里传遍了全国，各地的居民纷纷走出家门，观看这一活动。火炬接力仪式是如此受欢迎，全国各地成百上千各行各业的人都参与了进来，并将其看成是一次增强国家凝聚力的活动，我想这是火炬接力仪式组织者们始料未及的。最后由凯茜·弗里曼在澳大利亚体育场点燃圣火台上的火炬来结束开幕式，将那些水与火等自然元素都融合在一起，这令很多人感到心旷神怡，这一画面也将永远定格在国人心中。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

嗯，利恩，你曾就澳大利亚人如何庆祝具有里程碑意义的国家大事进行了调查研究。你能否谈谈，在我们国家两百年短暂的历史中，尤其是在一八三八年、一八八八年、一九三八年和一九八八年，也就是两百周年纪念的年份等等，这些纪念日对我们作为一个国家都意味着什么呢？

[b]利恩·怀特：[/b]

嗯，第一次庆祝一七八八年登陆澳洲的活动于五十年后的一八三八年举行。那些庆典日也就成了是国庆日。在这一天主要举行英式华尔兹表演、划船比赛、鸣五十响礼炮以及一些非常传统的英式庆典仪式，来庆祝当时所说的国庆日。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

这是为了纪念第一支船队在悉尼登陆，纪念库克船长和他的船员们宣布澳大利亚属于英国这一事件吗？

[b]利恩·怀特：[/b]

是的，这些庆典活动再现出澳大利亚是一个非常英国化的国家，连庆典方式也是英国式的。

[b]一九九八年的档案文件：[/b]

“一七八八年一月二十六日，第一支船队抵达悉尼港口，标志着澳大利亚现代史的开端。”

“歌颂我们的体育成就已经成为一种表现民族自豪感的外在方式。现在，一件更为重要的国家大事需要澳大利亚人振奋同样的精神，这就是举办澳大利亚两百周年庆典。这些庆祝活动将持续一整年的时间。”

“原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民的艺术、手工艺以及历史体现了我们最古老的文化。在一九八八年的两百周年纪念活动中，这一文化将享有崇高的地位并得到充分展现。”

[b]利恩·怀特：[/b]

国家在变革和发展中前进。同时，人们利用举行周年纪念的形式再现过去，重温历史。悉尼是这种纪念活动的中心，高大的船只向人们展现着当年第一支船队登陆时的情景。许多原住民部族应邀参与到这种庆典活动中来。但在一九八八年，原住民却将一月二十六日称为入侵日。那年还发生了一件有趣的事情，一个名叫伯纳姆·伯纳姆的原住民部族长老，决定将一面澳大利亚原住民的旗帜插到英格兰的海滩上。事实上，他将旗帜插在了多佛（英国港口城市）白色的悬崖上。他这样做，就是要向世人宣布，我们来到了这里，我们占领了这片土地，我们以澳大利亚原住民的名义宣告这块土地归我们所有。这一事件当时在澳大利亚以及在世界各地都进行了电视转播。人们对原住民这个想法非常感兴趣。实质上他们是想通过这一举动推翻那个“澳大利亚只有二百年历史”的神话。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

选择凯茜·弗里曼在悉尼奥运会开幕式上点燃奥运圣火本身就传达了一个强有力的信息，一个关于在澳大利亚原住民和非原住民之间实现和解的信息。

虽然有越来越多的人支持双方的和解，莫纳什大学原住民研究中心主任莱内特·拉塞尔却提醒我们，和解的事业任重而道远。

[b]莱内特·拉塞尔：[/b]

我们已经看到许多与和解有关的游行及其它活动。那次十分有名的悉尼港湾大桥步行活动，据说有数十万人参加。这个事件在很大程度上说明，现在的中产阶级澳大利亚白人心安理得，认为我们的国家事实上已经实现了和解。但是，我认为，只要原住民的平均预期寿命还是全国最低，原住民的婴儿死亡率仍然最高，就不能说实现了和解。事实上，原住民的未来有待于实质性的改观，我们还需要更好的教育，更好的医疗保健服务，而且，毋庸置疑，原住民的个人生活水平有待提高。如果做不到这些的话，那就根本算不上和解。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

嗯，当然，澳大利亚在悉尼奥运会上展现了原住民的生活，以及澳大利亚从原住民特征的角度表现自己，这迥然不同于以往举行全国性重大纪念活动的方式。比如说一九八八年，我们纪念欧洲人登陆澳洲，或者从原住民的角度来说，欧洲人入侵澳大利亚二百周年所举行的活动。悉尼奥运会上我们向全世界展现了澳大利亚原住民文化，而在一九八八年，我们是以一种倍遭非议和反对的方式举行了二百周年纪念活动。这二者之间似乎是一个翻天覆地的变化，您能否对其中原因作一下解释呢？

[b]莱内特·拉塞尔：[/b]

当然可以。在一九八八和二零零零年之间澳大利亚发生了三件大事。第一件是羁押中原住民死亡案皇家调查委员会的成立。该委员会将原住民事务和社会正义事务提上了议事日程。当然此后，又有了《马博裁决》及其相关立法。《马博裁决》是指托雷斯海峡默累岛居民埃迪·马博为维护其对传统土地所有权而把政府告上了法庭。在澳大利亚，这一结局是史无前例的。由马博坚持并由法院确立的原住民土地所有权继续存在。这样就完全推翻了二百多年来关于“当欧洲人到达时，澳洲大陆是“Terra Nullius”的错误定论。从字面解释，“Terra Nullius”为“无人居住的土地”，事实当然不是这样的。总之，从白人登陆的二百周年纪念到悉尼奥运会这十二年间，正如我刚刚讲到的，羁押中原住民死亡案皇家调查委员会成立了，《马博裁决》通过了。在这之后我们还有了《送他们回家》这一报告。在报告里，人权和机会平等委员会对曾经被强制离家的人，包括许许多多被迫离家的孩子，还有原住民孩子和托雷斯海峡岛民的孩子所提供的大量证言进行了审查。我认为，这三件大事加起来，从某种程度上意味着，从那时起，人们再也不能对澳大利亚原住民问题熟视无睹了，原住民的经历是永远无法被遗忘的。这三件大事使澳大利亚中产阶级白人意识到原住民问题的存在，而且这些问题已经成为带有根本性的重要问题。因此，是这些问题的显著重要性，促使我们在悉尼奥运会上要把它们表现出来。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

在我最近参加在墨尔本召开的马博会议时，一些原住民领导人谈到，他们认为，长期以来澳大利亚白人的主流文化对原住民文化持否认态度。在发生了上面谈的三件大事之后，我们现在并没有走回头路吧？

[b]莱内特·拉塞尔：[/b]

没有，绝对没有走回头路。但是，确实还是有人对原住民问题持抵制态度，而这些人不仅仅是澳大利亚白人。我的意思是，从我个人及我家人的亲身经历中我发现，有些人能够欣然接受，并且欣赏原住民文化传统；但是另外一些人却毕生无法改变他们对这些传统和文化遗产的否认和抵触。否认是一种强大的，非常非常强大的力量，但却是一种我们能够克服的力量。我不认为我们会再走回头路。

[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]

以上是莱内特·拉塞尔的谈话，拉塞尔现任莫纳什大学原住民研究中心主任。

（插播音乐：《我的祖国》(My Country)——“午夜石油”(Midnight Oil)乐队演奏）

在下周的节目中，我们将了解澳大利亚原住民“未完成的使命”，特别是他们的土地所有权问题。我们期待您参与我们的节目——我是苏·斯拉梅，与您相约澳洲广播电台——下周同一时间再见……
[/quote]

[color=Red]英文详细内容[/color]

[quote]
(SFX: ABC coverage of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games )

Fanfare…"Tonight we welcome the world's greatest athletes and their supporters to Sydney Australia"

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Hi, I'm Sue Slamen and welcome to AUSTRALIA NOW….

Today - 'View From the Grandstand' - The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games placed Australia in the international spotlight as never before. The Opening Ceremony attracted an estimated television audience of three and a half billion people.

[b]SAMARANCH, I.O.C:[/b] 'G'day Sydney, g'day Australia."

ABC games coverage: "Australia is about to stand up before the world and say this is who we are and this is how we do it, and we are absolutely delighted to be here to bring out interpretation of that to you. Let the show begin, let it begin and it has begun. An Australian stockhorse bursting out into the area, which is covered in an arid dry Australian landscape of a fabric and it looks absolutely magnificent."

"120 whalers is part of this demonstration, the horse that made Australia after settlement of course by white Australians, broke the tyranny of distance in the outback and played such an extraordinary emotional role in the cultural life in Australia. And they form up and move in long lines out from the southern to the northern end and then back around the perimeter."

"To the strains of the 'Man from Snowy River' played by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra."

"If you can picture hundreds of sheets of galvanised iron, bits of old machinery, water tanks, some complete and some not, the water tanks being rolled around, sometimes by performers inside the tank and other performers bouncing precariously on top of the tanks as they roll them round like so many rubber balls."

"And the sheets of timber used as percussion instruments and now as great fans bowing, they're on the backs of performers."

"And it's been joined on the stadium floor by corrugated iron sheets, which are now running out onto the stadium. The material, the building material which made the bush."

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the Sydney Games are rich grounds for cultural interpretation, and are such are often replayed to students at the National Centre for Australian Studies at Melbourne's Monash University.

[b]STUDENTS:[/b] "As a Melbournian all of my life I've never had corrugated iron roof and I've never had a rain tank in my backyard. I know that one of my colleagues here will differ because she comes from the country.

"Well yes I grew up on the block with the hills hoist and the mowing machine and the corrugated iron roof, the rainwater tank. So to me that was my childhood, to me that's Australia. But I suppose it's all subjective depending on your own experience. You know yes, Australia's moving towards urbanisation of inner city etc., but there's still people out there who live like that, I mean there's still people out there who want to live like that as well. Perhaps the country was too much over emphasised but I think it's definitely a very, very important part of Australia."

"I guess I also grew up on a property in the middle of nowhere, so I didn't expect that country representation, I was pretty proud that they bothered to include that. Perhaps not as much as they did, but like the opening bit with the horses, I thought that was fantastic with the Man from Snowy River theme etc., yeah, that was really great, that was impressive for me and all my friends that I watched it with."

"I think traditionally representations of Australia include that country image and that's how we've been promoted to the rest of the world, so that had to be included in the opening ceremony. A city's a city to a lot of people I suppose but Australia is all about the outback, that's how we've been promoted to the rest of the world, and that obviously came through very strongly in the opening ceremony."

"There was also a lot of other publicity, like Sydney itself and all the ads before the Olympics going everywhere showing Sydney and the beaches and the Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, etc., etc., etc. Also in the opening ceremony you saw the torch being run through the streets etc., that was shown and included in the opening ceremony. But it was also nice how all the crowd had their little gift packs on their seats and they got to have their torches and showed that they were all involved, and Australians were having fun that night."

(Music: Aussis Aussie Aussie by The Aussie Allstars)

[b]GRAEME DAVISON:[/b] "It's remarkable isn't it how when we think of the World Cup or we think of the Olympic Games how far national identity in general is projected through sport. Increasingly it seems that sport is the kind of lingua franca, it's the common language that enables nations to talk to each other and project themselves to each other. Perhaps 100 years ago we would have been attending trade fairs, or 50 years ago we would have been more interested in war as a demonstration of national character and identity, but now in many ways I think sport has become the substitute for war."

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Professor Graeme Davison from the School of Historical Studies at Monash University has written extensively on Australian nationalism.

Australians have always seen sport as very important to their national identity, and in Sydney 2000, like players on a field; they were playing to a global audience….

[b]GRAEME DAVISON:[/b] "So it was a very big occasion and it's not surprising that Australia invested an awful lot in the effort to try and project a very favourable image of what the country was.

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Now let's come to some of those images, because as we Australians could enjoy seeing rugged bush figures mounted on their horses coming into the arena, associated with the settlement of the country, the Victa lawnmowers that helped tame the suburbs if you like. What do you think though overseas audiences would have made of those symbols that we associate with the various phases of Australian history?

[b]GRAEME DAVISON:[/b] Well some of them I think for example the ceremony began as I recall with the 'Man from Snowy River' and with the horsemen, and that taps into a very readily recognisable frontier image of Australia. It's one that is strong in Australian history and reminds us of Banjo Patterson and of the great bush ballads and so on, and of course it has an immediate connection, particularly for American audiences, which were very critical for the 2000 Olympics. So Americans immediately connect to that set of images about horsemen and wild frontiersmen and so on. But then as you say there are a very wide range of other images projected, some for example to do with Australian Aboriginality were relatively novel in the way in which Australians projected themselves. For example in 1956 there was almost no reference to Aboriginality in the way in which Australia projected itself. That now became much more salient, much more central, and again of course it connects strongly with some elements of American culture. Americans again sympathise strongly with the emancipatory efforts of Aboriginal people to become part of the nation in an important sense. Other bits like those characters dancing in Blundstone boots and the Victa lawnmowers were ones that I think a lot of American commentators had a lot of difficulty in connecting with. Not because they didn't know what they were, but they had a sense I think that occasions like this require just a little more solemnity, they didn't really know whether a nation that would send itself up as Australia appeared to be doing in the opening ceremony could really be taken seriously. They thought that Australians had difficulty in taking themselves seriously.

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Well of course as Aussies we know that to be the case, that we don't always take ourselves or our politicians or figures of authority seriously, and your comments just brought to mind someone else's analysis of the Games when they said, the Sydney Olympics in the opening and closing was not regimented. That it had an informality almost a kind of anarchic quality about it. Does that ring true for you?

[b]GRAEME DAVISON:[/b] It was something that I think was very Sydney too, I think some of the cultural expression of the 2000 Olympics was very expressive of Sydney culture, it was very glitzy, it was very showy, it had lots of surface, I think that was part of what was going on. The informality of course is something of a tradition. If you look back to '56, the '56 Olympics were the first Olympic games in which the competitors had not marched at the closing ceremony in national groups, but had broken and had walked informally rather than marched. Now that I think does pick up something about Australian character and identity, it's the kind of laid-back attitude that Australians tend to have adopted. And yet once against some American commentators questioned that. One of them I remember used to talk about how he made his way around during the 2000 Olympics, he remarked the air of informality on the surface, about the way in which everybody would say no worries. But that phrase 'no worries' led him to question whether or not below the surface there wasn't a bit of anxiety, there wasn't a bit of worry, and the worry attaching itself particularly to the question of people wondering what are the rest of the world thinking of us, are they really thinking that we are as good as we think we are ourselves. The cultural critic Arthur Phillips who years ago coined the phrase, the cultural cringe, and in some ways that was reflective of the fact that Australians are very dependent upon the approval of others for who they are themselves. You might say that it means that in some respects Australians as a nation, not necessarily as individuals, have a relatively weak sense of self, and that partly derives from the sense of the colonial relationships, of a long period of separation from the rest of Europe, there was a long period in which Australians had to wait weeks to know what Europe thought of things that they'd done. So that legacy of colonialism I think is still there in the way in which Australians think of themselves. There's a phrase that we used to use about footballers, we'd talk about a football player grandstanding, he's playing to the grandstand rather than playing to the people on the field, and grandstanding I think is a bit of an Australian characteristic."

[b]STUDENT:[/b] "As an Australian I'm pretty proud to live in this country and I remember watching the opening ceremony just cringing, just wondering what the rest of the world would be thinking of some of the icons that we presented. And I'd be interested to get some feedback from other people to see whether they understood it, because a lot of the representations that were put on the screen we got them as Australians but I wonder if other people got it from other countries that aren't familiar with our culture, necessarily."

[b]STUDENT:[/b] "The thing is that as a foreigner you don't know that the Australian dream is represented by a guy in a funny t-shirt with a lawnmower, so you have absolutely no clue what it is about. So that's what was striking to me."

[b]STUDENT:[/b] "The mowing related back to the Australian dream, the quarter acre block and how everyone would get up on a Saturday morning, go out there mow the lawn, then wash the car, then take the family for a drive down the coast in their Holden sedan, stop off at the shop for a pie for lunch, see some kangaroos and return back home and do more of the same on Sunday."

[b]OLYMPIC GAMES CEREMONY:[/b] "The little Australian girl went to the centre of Stadium Australia, put down a beach towel, some zinc cream on her nose, fell asleep and has started dreaming. The first dream is under the water and we're seeing beautiful fish, octopus and other creatures of the sea.

The little Australian girl has now gone through an awakening ceremony a traditional Aboriginal smoking ceremony follows.

The little girl's dream is continuing, coming to Australia now is White Man…."

[b]STUDENT:[/b] "It's interesting that despite the stress on multiculturalism and the fact that they're trying to portray Australia as a place where you see every face. If your face exists it's going to be found there. The dream girl, that central character is white and blond and looks like she comes from a little house in the suburbs, and Australian advertising, is much the same. When you look at billboards, most of the people on them are white and very European looking, and she looks home grown, the girl next door, which is a very nice image but it doesn't scream multiculturalism."

[b]STUDENT:[/b] "I liked that in the starting scene because they were mentioned because I didn't expect that because for example I remember the beginning ceremony of Atlanta and I think didn't mention the native Americans at all. And I liked that they well thought about its origins or the Aborigines at all."

[b]STUDENT:[/b] "Well I think that the whole ceremony was like for the nation was waiting if Cathy Freeman is really lighting the fire or not, and so everyone is curious and is just waiting for the ceremony to end and really see if Australia kind of well says sorry to the Aborigines and the indigenous people what they did to their culture and their nation. And I think while the rest of the world I don't know, might be Australians, but the rest of the world were really impressed and thought well the next Olympic games will have to do something very special to beat that ceremony and the whole games. It was that everyone was waiting really to see if an Aboriginal lit the fire or not."

[b]GAMES COMMENTATOR:[/b] "And then it was Cathy Freeman's turn, she began the last ascent, up the cascading waterfall of fire and water to light the Games of the 27th Olympiad begin."

[b]NEWSREADER:[/b] "Cathy Freeman has had a big week. A household name in Australia before the opening ceremony, a television audience of almost four billion has ensured her celebrity has travelled over the seas and attracted media attention from far and wide. When asked to comment about the effect her lighting the cauldron had on the Aboriginal community she had this to say: "Oh, it was definitely a big boost to the Aboriginal community because you know it was historical, it was extremely significant, you know it's the first. So yeah thanks, guys, a tremendous honour for the Aboriginal people."

[b]LEANNE WHITE:[/b] "Cathy Freeman was the excellent choice for that particular event. The torch relay had taken place and that in itself was an exercise in cohesiveness, of bonding the nation together, the flame arrived at Ayres Rock, Uluru and went to a number of communities around the nation over a hundred days and finished with Cathy Freeman lighting the flame, lighting the cauldron. That was an event which did connect the nation."

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Leanne White co-ordinates the undergraduate program at the National Centre for Australian Studies at Monash University.

Indigenous communities had been directly involved in the Games Opening and Closing Ceremonies and a nation-wide 'Torch Relay'.

[b]LEANNE WHITE:[/b] "Ironically enough, the whole flame had started at Uluru, at Ayres Rock and over 100 days had made its way around the country and communities came out to that event. I think the organisers were taken by surprise at how popular the torch ceremony was and how various people around the country, hundreds and hundreds were involved in that event and saw that as a real bonding exercise. And finishing at Stadium Australia with Cathy Freeman lighting the cauldron and the elements, the natural elements of fire and water that all came together and was particularly mesmerising for many people, and it's an image which stays in the national psyche.

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Now Leanne you've surveyed the way Australians have celebrated national milestones, and I'm thinking in particular throughout our brief history, 1838, 1888, 1938 and 1988, the bicentenary, what do these commemorations, tell us about the way we see ourselves as a nation?

[b]LEANNE WHITE:[/b] Well the celebration of the landing in 1788 was first celebrated 50 years later in 1838 and those celebrations then were known as Anniversary Day, and essentially there was a jubilee waltz, a regatta, a 50 gun salute and very traditional British ways of celebrating what was then known as Anniversary Day.

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] This is to commemorate the first fleet landing in Sydney, Captain Cook and his crew claiming Australia for the British?

[b]LEANNE WHITE:[/b] Yes, very much a reliving of Australia as a very British nation and a British way of celebrating that particular event."

[b]1988 ARCHIVE:[/b] "On the 26th of January 1788 the first fleet arrived in Sydney harbour. It was the start of Australia's modern history."

"Celebrating our sporting achievements has become one of the most outward expressions of national pride. Now Australians are being invited to summon the same spirit for a much bigger occasion and one that will last for a whole year. The Australian bicentenary, Bicentennial, the commemoration of Australia's 200th anniversary."

"Our oldest culture is found in the arts, crafts and history of Aboriginals and Torres Strait islanders, a culture which will be given honoured and active expression during 1988."

[b]LEANNE WHITE:[/b] "So while there was some change and moving on as the nation developed, many of those same reliving of the events took place. They were centred around Sydney, tall ships, re-enactments of the landing as it was known, various indigenous groups were involved and invited to become part of the event. But particularly in 1988 indigenous people referred to January 26 as Invasion Day, and an interesting event that did take place in that year was an Aboriginal elder, Burnam Burnam, who decided to place the Aboriginal flag on a beach in England. In fact on the white cliffs of Dover to make the point that here we are, we are taking the land, we are proclaiming this space in the name of indigenous Australia. And that was an event that was televised here and also around the world, people were quite interested in that concept, and they essentially tried to turn the tables on this myth of Australia as being a nation that's only 200 years old."

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The choice of Cathy Freeman to light the Olympic flame at the Sydney Games sent out a powerful message about reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.

And while there's been growing support for reconciliation, the Director of the Indigenous Studies Centre at Monash University, Lynette Russell, reminds us that there is still a long way to go.

[b]LYNETTE RUSSELL:[/b] "We've already seen a number of marches and events to do with reconciliation, there was the very popular walk over the Harbour Bridge in which people talking of hundreds of thousands of people participating. And for the most part this means that middle class white Australians now feel comfortable and believe that we are in fact a reconciled nation. But as long as Aboriginal people suffer the lowest life expectancy and the highest infant mortality, I don't see how we could possibly be reconciled. The future has to actually be improved, we have to have better education, better health services, and there's no question that the life of individual Aboriginal people has to be improved, otherwise this isn't reconciliation at all.

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Well certainly the presentation of indigenous issues and Aboriginal Australia during the Sydney Olympic Games was markedly different wasn't it to earlier national milestones. For instance how we commemorated 1988, the 200 years since the arrival or as Aboriginal Australians saw it, the invasion of Europeans to Australia. How do you account for what seemed like a real seachange in the way the Sydney Olympics presented indigenous Australia to the world and the way that the 1988 Bicentenary seemed to invite protest?

[b]LYNETTE RUSSELL:[/b] Well of course between 1988 and the year 2000 three rather dramatic events took place. First the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, which brought Aboriginal issues out to the fore, and social justice issues. We had of course the Mabo decision and the subsequent legislation. The Mabo decision refers to Eddie Mabo, who was a Murray islander from Torres Strait who had taken the government to court in order to establish that he had maintained native title rights to his traditional lands. This was the first time in Australia that anyone had ever actually achieved this, and what happened was he established, the court established that native title continued to exist and thus overturned what had up until then been a 200 plus year fallacy that this continent was Terra Nullius, when Europeans first arrived here. Terra Nullius meaning literally an empty land, which of course it clearly was not. So we had in the 12 years between the bicentenary and the Olympics we had the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody as I said, we also had the Mabo decision and then we had the Bringing Them Home report in which the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission examined the testimonies of vast numbers of people who were removed, forcibly removed, separated from their families, children taken from families, Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander children. And I believe that those three events all coalesced in a sense to mean that from that point on Aboriginal issues could never be swept under the carpet again, they could never be forgotten. These three things placed into the consciousness of contemporary middle class white Australia Aboriginal issues and those Aboriginal issues became or indigenous issues became absolutely fundamentally important, and therefore it's that prominence that actually means that by the time we get to the Olympics we have to incorporate them.

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] I know when I attended the recent Mabo conference here in Melbourne, some of the Aboriginal leaders spoke of white Australia as being in denial as they saw it for far too long. There's no going back given those three events now?

[b]LYNETTE RUSSELL:[/b] No, there's definitely no going back. But yes people did live in denial and not just white Australians, I mean my own experience of my own family there's been people who have denied that they had Aboriginal heritage for their entire lives and others who have embraced it and celebrated it. Denial is a powerful, extremely powerful force but it's one that we can actually overcome, and I don't believe that we'll ever go back from here."

[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Lynette Russell, who holds the Chair in Aboriginal Studies at Monash University.

(Music: My Country by Midnight Oil)

And in next week's program we'll look at - UNFINISHED BUSINESS - with Australia's Indigenous people and in particular, the issue of land rights. Hope you can join me - Sue Slamen - here on Radio Australia this time next week.
[/quote]

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怎么没人顶，大家可以用FLASHGET等工具下载
[url]mms://media4.abc.net.au/ra/australia/media/an2.wma[/url]

kan kan qu

回复 #3 城市童话 的帖子

谢谢楼主

Thanks!!!!

thanks 辛苦了

赶紧下载才行哦!

good

下载不了呀

好象很慢的说,后来就直接断了,
而且直接点击下载不了把

thank you very much

thanks

顶

怎么下不了

谢谢阿~~

这个怎么听啊？只有34byte吗？听不了 啊

upupup

up

谢谢楼主分享！

回复 #3 城市童话 的帖子

:)

very good

very good

:P :P :P :P

:( :(

为什么WVX文件我大不开

:D

一直很想听

回复 #4 城市童话 的帖子

太好了，谢谢:')

回复 #3 城市童话 的帖子

thanks